Tuesday, December 31, 2019

Mental Illness Dissociative Identity Disorder - 1408 Words

Can someone have more than one personality lingering within them? Is it possible for someone to have missing pieces from their memories because another person within them is taking over at certain periods of time? These are all questions that many psychologists and psychiatrists find themselves asking within the psychology community. This is a topic filled with controversy still to this day. Psychology is a field that has been around for a long time, but we are still discovering new illnesses all the time. One mental illness that is becoming more apparent is dissociative identity disorder, formerly known as multiple personality disorder, but some argue that this illness is not real. To begin to understand what happens within a person with dissociative identity disorder, it is important to first explain what the disorder is exactly. As defined by a forensic psychiatry and forensic psychology book: â€Å"Dissociative identity disorder (DID or multiple personality disorder) repre sents a ‘disruption of identity’ in which ‘two or more distinct personality states’ (also referred to as ‘alters’) occur. Further characteristics include: ‘marked discontinuity in the sense of self and sense of agency, accompanied by related alterations in affect, behavior, consciousness, memory, perception, cognition, and/or sensory-motor functioning.’ There may be gaps in recall of every day events, important personal information, and/or traumatic events inconsistent with ‘normal forgetting’†Show MoreRelatedDissociative Identity Disorder ( Multiple Personality )1397 Words   |  6 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder can be difficult to diagnosis as mentioned before. However, a scale has been developed to help a professional with their diagnosis of individuals that may suffer from this mental illness. There have been many studies conducted to test the reliability and validity of this scale. The scale is refer red to as The Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) and was developed to help measure dissociation in individuals. The Dissociative Experiences Scale is a twenty-eight item self-reportRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder ( Dissociative Disorder )1040 Words   |  5 PagesDissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative identity disorder, formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder, is a mental illness that is greatly misunderstood, much like many other mental illnesses. Nicholas Spanos, Professor of Psychology, hypothesized Multiple Personality Disorder as a defense against childhood trauma that creates â€Å"dissociation† or a split mental state. The trauma sustained during childhood is so substantial, that the individual creates different identities to cope with itRead MoreCommon Stressor Related Disorders ( Disorder )913 Words   |  4 PagesStressor-related disorders are expressed in many forms throughout different individuals. Common stressor-related disorders are one trauma and stressor-related disorder or anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive or related disorder, or dissociative disorder. One particular stress-related disorder that has caught my attention is dissociative identity disorder. Dissociative identity disorder is characterized by having two or more perso nalities within an individual. Typically, one is dominant and presentRead MoreEssay on Furthering Knowlege of Dissociative Identity Disorder640 Words   |  3 Pagesknowledge on the controversial mental illness identified as Dissociative Identity Disorder, or DID. More commonly known as multiple personality disorder, it has been a mental illness which gained attention from being the main focus in a variety of Hollywood’s films, aside from what has been portrayed in films I have little insight to what this disorder is. â€Å"What is Dissociative Identity Disorder, its causes and how is it clinically diagnosed?† Dissociative Identity Disorder is a target of controversyRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder And Schizophrenia893 Words   |  4 PagesBlunt, American politician, once said, â€Å"People with mental health problems are almost never dangerous. In fact, they are more likely to be the victims than the perpetrators. At the same time, mental illness has been the common denominator in one act of mass violence after another.† There is a misconception that mental disorders such as dissociative identity disorder and schizophrenia are the same. Today’s society often see all mental disorders as one, however, they are very much different. If oneRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder And Multiple Personality Disorder1399 Words   |  6 Pages Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder, is defined as â€Å"a severe condition in which two or more distinct identities, or personality states, are present in—and alternately t ake control of—an individual†. In 1994, the name of the disorder was changed to reflect a better understanding of the condition. DID is characterized by fragmentation, not by the growth of separate identities. DID is not a new disorder. However, it has been misunderstood forRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Illness With Information1007 Words   |  5 PagesFighting the Stigma of Mental Illness with Information When describing the brain, it can be labeled as many things but not one-dimensional or simplistic. This is an organ that we find hard to understand because, oddly enough, we have a brain that isn’t wired well enough to understand itself. What makes our brain so complex? Is it the billions of neurons or the trillions of synapses that make up all of our mental connections? The three pound mass in your skull is bursting with power. It comes completelyRead MoreThe Secret Window And Dissociative Identity Disorder1096 Words   |  5 PagesThe Secret Window and Dissociative Identity Disorder The Secret Window is a film released in 2004 directed by David Koepp and written by Stephen King. The main issue in this film is one of a psychological basis which keeps the audience on their toes and maybe even slightly confused until all of the pieces fit together at the end of the film. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the psychological issue that plagues the main character, Mort Rainey (portrayed by Johnny Depp), and identify anyRead MoreMental Illness And Its Stigma1363 Words   |  6 PagesMental Illness and Its Stigma â€Å"One in five adults in America experience mental illness,† (Mental Health, n.d., para 1). Many people define mental illness as a characteristic that makes one irrational or delusional and derives a belief that those who have mental disorders are not suffering from a real disease, resulting in a negative view of those who suffer. There are three ways to defy this stigma that everyone, from media producers to the sufferers themselves, must participate in to break downRead MoreAbnormal Psychology : Dissociative Identity Disorder1623 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology: Dissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder, previously referred to as Multiple Personality Disorder, is a psychological illness that has raised a lot of controversy and led researchers to question its validity. This disorder has been recorded as early as the 1800’s, but has recently been given more attention to by clinical researchers because of its diagnosis rates. The brain is a very complex organ and certain traumas can lead to the occurrence of this illness. Dissociative

Monday, December 23, 2019

Essay on Jane Eyre - Challenging Victorian Beliefs

Jane Eyre - Challenging Victorian Beliefs Charlotte Brontà « challenges the view that men are emotionally, socially and intellectually superior to women. Just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at Gods feet, equal - as we are! The 19th century was a period of oppression for women. The patriarchal system that dominated the Victorian period in Englands history, was one during which Charlotte Brontà « wrote and set the novel, Jane Eyre. Brontà « denounces the persecution that women suffered at the hands of a society that placed faith in a belief that men were emotionally, socially and intellectually superior to Victorian women. The belief that men were intellectually superior to women soiled the Victorian†¦show more content†¦Jane refused to suppress her emotions and had an innate desire to show those who oppressed her how she felt. Brontà « instilled a belief in Jane that defied society which stated that it is far better to endure patiently a smart which nobody feels but yourself, as expressed by Helen Burns. Brontà « adhered to the notion that women, like men, should not suffer from too rigid a restraint, in regard to their emotions. Blanche was passionless, truth and tenderness were not in her - she was the opposite of Jane. She acted like Adelà ¨; superficial, and much like a porcelain doll, pretty to look at but empty inside. Brontà « endorsed the view that a woman was not a machine without feelings. A woman in Victorian society, who was not as brilliant as her jewels, experienced life without one bit of love or kindness. This was a factor which Brontà « believed might have led to the silent revolt of women against Victorian society. The Chartist movement of the time was one when middle class people fought for political representation and the ability to move up the social ladder. This desire for liberty also impacted on women, due to their status as an oppressed social class. Brontà « also seems to believe that women need to do more than custom has pronounced necessary for their sex, a belief which meant that she wanted women to defy the customs that they had been enduring and do what they believed was best forShow MoreRelatedJane Eyre, By Charlotte Bronte1143 Words   |  5 PagesDerek Chao Ms.Roberts AP Literature November 18 2015 Awesome Essay Jane Eyre, written by Charlotte Brontà «, illustrates a British society that depicts an uneven distribution of wealth among people in the Victorian Era, creating this gap between the rich and poor. Social class in British society was made of the lower, middle, and upper class. Brontà « implemented characters like Mr.Brocklehurst and the Reeds to show that characters that were high in class and supported the social hierarchy were notRead More Revision of Master Narratives within Jane Eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea2157 Words   |  9 Pagesand what the social mood of the time was. From there one will be able to discuss how they were revised, and if in fact they were revised at all. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Bronte is known as one of the first revolutionary and challenging authoress’ with her text Jane Eyre. The society of her time was male dominated, women were marginally cast aside and treated as trophies for their male counterparts. Their main role in life was to be a mother and a wife, â€Å" Literature cannot be the business of aRead More The Subtle Truth of Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay2221 Words   |  9 PagesThe Subtle Truth of Jane Eyre      Ã‚  Ã‚   The role of a woman in Victorian England was an unenviable one. Social demands and personal desires were often at cross-purposes. This predicament was nothing new in the 19th century, yet it was this period that would see the waters begin to stir in anticipation of the cascading changes about to shake the very foundation of an empire on the brink of global colonization and industrialization. The question of what role women would play in this transformationRead MoreAnalysis Of Jane Eyre s `` Most Well Know Book And No Net Ensnares Me1433 Words   |  6 Pagesensnares me: I am a free human being with an independent will.† (P. 319) Jane boldly confesses. Jane is a ten-year-old underprivileged orphan who is growing up in the Victorian era, while having to go through a challenging series of constant disrespect, neglect, and drudgery. Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s, most well know book, Jane Eyre deserves to continue being published, since it shows relevancy to todayâ₠¬â„¢s readers, by demonstrating how Jane is a female protagonist, while being a female heroine, who believes inRead More A Comparison of the Ideals of Bronte in Jane Eyre and Voltaire in Candide2672 Words   |  11 PagesThe Ideals of Bronte in Jane Eyre and Voltaire in Candide      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Subjective novelists tend to use personal attitudes to shape their characters. Whether it be an interjection of opinion here, or an allusion to personal experience there, the beauty of a story lies in the clever disclosure of the authors personality. Charlotte Bronte and Voltaire are no exceptions. Their most notable leading characters, Jane Eyre and Candide, represent direct expressions of the respective authors emotions andRead MoreVictorian Novel9605 Words   |  39 PagesTHE VICTORIAN NOVEL SPIS TREÃ…Å¡CI INTRODUCTION 1 I THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOVEL 2 II KEY AUTHORS 3 III KEY TEXTS 3 IV TOPICS 3 INTRODUCTION Many associate the word â€Å"Victorian† with images of over-dressed ladies and snooty gentlemen gathered in reading rooms. The idea of â€Å"manners† does sum up the social climate of middle-class England in the nineteenth century. However, if there is one transcending aspect to Victorian England life and society, that aspect is change. Nearly every institution of societyRead MoreStatement of Purpose23848 Words   |  96 Pagesother words, read some of their scholarly works—reviews, articles, monographs, and books. Learn about campus and program resources, such as research facilities. Familiarize yourself with the disciplinary culture by identifying the ethos—the values, beliefs, discourse practices, and epistemological assumptions—of a department, program, or college (liberal arts or science and technology). What does it mean to think and write like a member of a specific intellectual community? For example, members of the

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Truman Should Not Have Dropped the Atomic Bombs Free Essays

Should President Truman have used the Atomic Bombs? World War Two remains to be the deadliest conflict in world history. The United States is arguably the biggest world power to have participated in it; it transformed from a nation of isolationists to one that dictated the results of a world war. After the defeat of Nazi Germany, President Truman decided to drop atomic bombs on two cities in Japan. We will write a custom essay sample on Truman Should Not Have Dropped the Atomic Bombs or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since then, his decision has been hotly debated. Some historians justify the dropping of the bombs by claiming that they saved thousands of lives and brought the war to an end.However, the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945 was an unnecessary display of power. The decision was both unjustifiable and immoral. Japanese officials and Emperor Hirohito were already prepared to surrender. It also unintentionally instigated a nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union. Both Fat Man and Little Boy, the bombs developed by American scientists, were dropped unnecessarily because Japan was already a defeated nation by June 1945. The country had no troops and the once glorious Imperial navy and air force were all but destroyed.The American strategy of â€Å"island hopping† had ended any maritime battles after the battles of Coral Sea and Midway. Three hundred American bombers had bombed Tokyo in March of 1945, killing about a 100,000 people and 60 other Japanese cities had been beaten. Then in May, 520 giant B-29 â€Å"Superfortress† bombers unleashed 4,500 tons of incendiary bombs on the same city (DBQ B). The capital city had been battered and Japan’s morale was at an all time low. President Truman’s chief of staff, William D. Healy, said that â€Å"The Japanese were already defeated and ready to surrender† (Alperovitz). The American intelligence program MAGIC had intercepted Japanese code from the homeland to the embassy in America and the Soviet Union; the Japanese had been speaking to the Russians for peace negotiations when they found that the United States would not accept their conditional surrender (Zinn 414). In January 1945, Roosevelt received a 40-page â€Å"secret memorandum† from General Douglas MacArthur outlining surrender terms from several high-level officials right before he left for the Yalta Conference.It stated, in short that the Japanese would agree to the complete surrender of all Japanese forces and arms, occupation of Japan an its possessions by Allied troops, the Japanese relinquishment of seized territory during the war, release of all war prisoners, regulation of Japanese industry to stop war production, and the surrender of designated war criminals (Weber). And in fact, the only condition that the Japanese were willing to surrender with was to keep the Emperor, a ho ly symbol in their culture. Truman refused to listen to peace terms.He said himself â€Å"I was applauded frequently, and when I reaffirmed the policy of unconditional surrender, the chamber rose to its feet† (qtd. in Cooper). Then on August 12, the United States announced that it would accept the Japanese surrender, making clear in its statement that the emperor could remain in a purely ceremonial capacity only. Even the United States Strategic Bombing Survey admitted that prior to November 1945, â€Å"Japan would have surrendered even if the bombs had not been dropped, even if Russia had not entered the war, and even if no invasion had been planned or contemplated† (Maddox 414).Therefore, the atomic bombs could have been avoided and the one Japanese term of surrender could have been accepted months earlier. The other enduring argument is that the dropping of the atomic bombs was highly immoral. This war marked a large violation of international law set forth by the League of Nations: that the â€Å"intentional bombing of civilian populations is illegal† (Churchill). Although the League of Nations cannot legally enforce any of its bylaws, its decisions are regarded as honorary conventions t o which nations should abide.Roosevelt and Leahy would agree with Churchill, who penned this document. Truman wrote that the â€Å"target would be a highly military one† so that the â€Å"soldiers and sailors are targets and not women and children† (Diary July 25 1945). This does not explain the deaths at Hiroshima, which resulted to about 175,000 Japanese civilians, not including the thousands of military personnel. And Hiroshima was considered to be a military base because of its high concentration of military factories and facilities. Nagasaki, on the other hand, was an industrial base where civilians worked in factories.The death toll is estimated to be about 250,000 lives and about 100,000 were injured (Bernstein). Evidence also exists that Japan was chosen instead of Germany for the dropping of the atomic bombs because of racism. In the same diary entry, Truman said that the â€Å"Japs are savages, ruthless, merciless and fanatic† (Diary July 25 1945). Political cartoons depicted Japanese as subhuman, savage monkeys or vermin. American films like Despicable (1945) dehumanized and demonized Japanese people, portraying them as monsters who â€Å"worked sixteen-hour days and then went home and ate Chinese babies†.It served to prepare Americans for the purpose of total warfare and cement in their minds the inhuman qualities of Japan that made it okay to go so far as to drop atomic bombs on them. Movies like Despicable are highly criticized as being highly inaccurate and unilateral, but Americans in the forties believed the so called â€Å"captured war footage† (Amazon). The internment of Japanese Americans in forced labor camps further deepened this image and made the atomic bombs acceptable in the average American citizen’s eyes.Furthermore, the dropping of Fat Man and Little Boy was an incendiary that sparked the Cold War. At the Yalta Conference which Churchill, Truman, and Stalin attended, it was decided that â€Å"two months after Germany has surrendered and the war in Europe is terminated, the Soviet Union shall enter into war against Japan † (Yalta Conference). Two months after the German surrender would be August 8th: Little Boy was dropped on August 6th. The United States declared to the other Allied nations that it was a means of ending the war early. However, the date is not a coincidence.The United States distrusted the Soviet Union because of the suspicion that they wanted to open a sphere of influence in Asia, especially China, which the United States felt was finally moving away from its destructive regime. The fear of communism was a large part of the decision to drop the bombs. The bombs were also looked upon as a potential and not a military weapon. They would show the Soviet Union not to interfere with US business. Some of the very scientists who developed the bombs were hesitant to use nuclear power for destruction, especially to spite the Soviet Union.Nuclear physicist said that â€Å"[James Byrens’] view that our possessing and demonstrating the bomb would make Russia more manageable in Europe I was not able to share. Indeed I could hardly imagine any premise more false and disastrous upon which to base our policy† (DBQ F). The Russians accepted the challenge and tested their first weapon in 1949. Since World War Two, eight nations have successfully detonated nuclear weapons. The threat of nuclear power is high and the weapons themselves are dangerous in the wrong hands.The United States’ justifications for the bombs that they saved more lives than they ended and prevented the Soviet Union from interfering in Eastern Europe and Asia are weak. The dropping of the atomic bombs was highly unnecessary, immoral, and resulted in unpleasant consequences. How to cite Truman Should Not Have Dropped the Atomic Bombs, Papers

Friday, December 6, 2019

Should Steroids Be Banned Essay Example For Students

Should Steroids Be Banned? Essay Should Steroids Be Banned?It is amazing what athletes will do to achieve higher levels of performance and to sometimes get the extra edge on the competition. Most of the time people do not realize the long-term effects that result from the decisions they make early in life. This resembles the use of steroids in a persons life. Steroids became an option to athletes in the Olympics and other major sporting events during the 1950s. But this use of steroids among athletes only became widely apparent when Canadian sprint runner Ben Johnson tested positive for steroid use after winning the gold medal for the one hundred-meter dash during the 1988 Olympics (Francis, 45). Now a skinny fifteen-year-old can just walk down to the local gym and find people who either sell or know how to get in contact with those who sell the drug that will make him envious of his friends. Steroids are an attractive drug. While steroids seem harmless to the unaware user, they can have a risky effect. Most of the time whether the users are new or experienced, they do not know the dangerous consequences steroids can have on their bodies and their minds. Though steroids cause a relatively insignificant number of deaths in our society, the banning of steroids is justified because steroids have a lot of side effects not known to the uninfor med user. Even though steroids are known as a somewhat dangerous substance, they are legal to have and to consume. There has not been a study that proves such possible side effects are linked to medical problems of steroid users (Rogak, 89). There are those who have pointed out several cases where someone has died and an autopsy has shown that the person was using steroids, but they claim this does not mean that it is a deadly drug as some medical professionals have stated (97). Some advocates of steroids believe that because steroids are legal, and because it is the decision of the user to take the drug, steroids are not causing a problem in society. Alcohol and cigarettes are consumed by millions of people, causing a lot of deteriorating effects on their bodies, but there has never been a ban on these items because of the dangers that they can cause. Why should steroids be different? Some people say that the wide spread use of steroids among athletes is forcing the young athletes to use ster oids, even though it is against their standards. This is because they know they can not compete at the level against their opponents who are using steroids to go to the next level of performance. A lot of people claim that this is how competition is supposed to be. Race car drivers are out there every day, pushing themselves to the limit. They are taking that corner a little bit faster, putting themselves in danger just a little bit more. This is no different than the risk football players, wrestlers, and weight lifters take when they decide to use steroids to take them to the next level. There are the people who justify steroid abuse because of these reasons, claiming that their use in sports and other activities are just the added element that an athlete needs to boost their performance. However, there has not yet been any definite medical research to prove that steroid abuse is linked to severe medical conditions (Cowart, 33). Only the warnings that come from users that are currently dealing with medical difficulties that most likely have been a result of steroid use. These people are living proof of the harmful effects of steroids. Cigarettes and alcohol are major contributors to thousands of deaths each year (47). A lot of people have family members or friends that are suffering from diseases and health conditions cause by smoking and drinking. Sometimes these can lead to an early grave, sometimes a very painful death. Some people will use these situations as a reason not to drink or smoke. A similar situation would be a young athlete watching their muscular idols suffering from medical problems caused by steroids. Some of these professionals will even admit to their former steroid abuse in hopes to persuade the thousands of young athletes that the quick results o f steroids do not pay off in the end. When these kids see the long-term results that occur to professional athletes, they should realize the need to stay away from steroids or give up the addiction that they have to them. This might mean they will have to give up the idea of the body that they have always dreamed of. If someone who was currently abusing steroids was to listen to what a former addict has gone through, that person might very well be persuaded to give up the addiction. In the end these people would have the advantage because they will be the ones who are going to live a longer and happier life. Informative Speech on Tourism EssayEven with all of these effects, steroid use is very common in the sports world (Courson, 88). Athletes who use steroids do not think of themselves as cheaters. Many set high goals for themselves and work hard at achieving them. Steroids are seen as just a way to help them work harder and more effectively. Athletes that do not use steroids know that steroid users have an unfair advantage. United States shot putter Augie Wolf summarized many athletes feelings: Drug taking is rampant. Only the uninformed get caught. The pressure to take drugs is enormous. An athlete asks himself, Do I take drugs and win medals, or do I play fair and finish last? Bill Curry, football coach at Alabama, comments, The system is saying do whatever it takes to win. It is saying, Well make you rich, famous and put you on TV. We are a quick-fix society that wants the rush, that medal, that national championship (Johnson, 50). In addition, Retired sprinter Carl Lewis, who has won nine Olympic gold medals, came out with comments about drugs in modern sports. He called it lies and cover-ups by some track and field administrators who protect athletes who use performance enhancing drugs. Lewis said that authorities overlook many infractions and contended that it is no coincidence that most of the current high-profile drug controversies involve athletes over the age of thirty. Lewis went on to say the sport is losing credibility because people know it is dirty. We need to change the whole moral standard of this sport(Thibault, 2). If professional athletes are taking steroids, then a high school athlete has to be kicking the thought around of trying steroids. They have to wonder how they are going to succeed if they do not take them. Steroid use could possibly be lowered in high school age kids if their high school physical education teachers taught their students about the effects of steroids and the lifestyle it could lead to. Just because there is no official proof that steroids can damage and possibly kill is no reason to allow steroids to be legal in out society. No proof does not mean that the dangers do not exist. Every year more and more famous retired athletes are admitting to steroid use in their career, and admitting certain medical problems as a result of their steroid abuse. People need to listen to what they have to say, and use them as the example for teaching the younger crowd. The banning of steroids would not only help the people who are currently abusing them, but also it help taper the spread of addiction to steroids in society. Works CitedCourson, Steve. False Glory. Stamford: Longmeadow Press, 1991. Cowart, Virginia. Anabolic Steroids. Carmel: Benchmark Press, 1990. Francis, Charlie. Speed Trap. New York: St. Maartins Press, 1990. Gallaway, Steve. The Steroid Bible. Sacramento: BI Press, 1997. Johnson, Neil. Foul Play: Drug Abuse In Sports. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1986. Lukas, Scott. Steroids. Springfield: Enslow Publishing, 1994. Park, Roberta. Sport and Exercise Science. Chicago:University of Illinios Press, 1992. Rogak, Lisa. Steroids, Dangerous game. Minneapolis: LernerPublications Company, 1992. Silverstein, Robert. Steroids: Big Muscles, Big Problems. Hillside: Enslow Publishers, 1992. Thibault, Steve. Lewis Lashes Out At Drug Coverups. The Boston Globe 22 Nov. 1999: 2d.

Friday, November 29, 2019

Superior Manufacturing free essay sample

Although Exhibit 4 was useful to understand what changes (i. e. o cost items) helped Superior improve its profitability, it does not explain the reasons behind such changes and therefore we cannot be sure that 2005’s results reflect a true improvement in profitability as shown. For example, if the reduction in depreciation was due to a change in method in 2005, we would need to take account of this and apply the same method to 2004’s figures in order to reveal a fair profitability comparison between the two time periods. Q4. Why is it Important that Superior has an effective cost system? What is your overall appraisal of the company’s cost system and its use in reports to management? List the strengths and weaknesses of this system and its related reports for the purposes management uses the system’s output. What recommendations, if any, would you make to Waters regarding the company’s cost accounting system and its related reports? Simple cost system: Strategic planning, product-line decisions, identifying manufacturing process-improvement opportunities, profitability analysis, performance evaluation, cost control, and inventory valuation purposes (value inventories, prepare budgets, and analyze performance). We will write a custom essay sample on Superior Manufacturing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are several reasons why it is important that Superior has an effective cost system. Firstly, accurate budget planning of a production is central to the success of a business. That is to say, allocating one’s resource in the right place in the beginning is particularly essential to achieve a promising result. Secondly, Superior’s manufacturing strategy was based on the â€Å"dedicated factory† concept, which means each factory has its own direct cost, such as raw material, used in its production line. That implies that it is easy for the managers to tell whether a product generates money and to calculate the direct/indirect costs in order to control costs in each factory. Furthermore, an effective cost system would provide Superior high-level executives advantages to position their goals in terms of profitability and improve their decision making process towards such goals. Strengths: †¢ Entire view of costs (direct/indirect costs, variable/non-variable costs) †¢ Performance tracking in each production line.

Monday, November 25, 2019

Free Essays on Organization

A method to dealing with problems is via organizations. Some advantages that organizations have include the cohesiveness of the group of people working together, the continuity of the going concern, a relatively stable financial base, and the linking of current issues with those of the future. Many organizations are born from a past mobilization that raised the question towards the end of their span of whether or not to continue the fight at a more permanent level. Some started from organizers who recognized a community problem that would serve well as a ground start for an organization. These professionals may have come from national networks, statewide coalitions, or local organizations, looking to expand their reach. To begin the process of starting a new organization an organizing committee can be formed from an initial group of concerned people. By bringing in other people in the first step to form a core group instead of doing it on your own or by calling a meeting together of many people, these initial members tend to be more loyal and committed to the organization. Another key part in member makeup is having members that share the same goals, including who the opposition is. A commitment to democratic decision making is important so as to keep the power in the hands of many instead of the hands of a few. This process also helps to ensure member participation since people tend to support decisions when they feel they are involved in the decision process. A recent revelation in improving organization efficiency is proper and accurate accounting, bookkeeping, and record filing.... Free Essays on Organization Free Essays on Organization A method to dealing with problems is via organizations. Some advantages that organizations have include the cohesiveness of the group of people working together, the continuity of the going concern, a relatively stable financial base, and the linking of current issues with those of the future. Many organizations are born from a past mobilization that raised the question towards the end of their span of whether or not to continue the fight at a more permanent level. Some started from organizers who recognized a community problem that would serve well as a ground start for an organization. These professionals may have come from national networks, statewide coalitions, or local organizations, looking to expand their reach. To begin the process of starting a new organization an organizing committee can be formed from an initial group of concerned people. By bringing in other people in the first step to form a core group instead of doing it on your own or by calling a meeting together of many people, these initial members tend to be more loyal and committed to the organization. Another key part in member makeup is having members that share the same goals, including who the opposition is. A commitment to democratic decision making is important so as to keep the power in the hands of many instead of the hands of a few. This process also helps to ensure member participation since people tend to support decisions when they feel they are involved in the decision process. A recent revelation in improving organization efficiency is proper and accurate accounting, bookkeeping, and record filing....

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Role Of Women Until 1500 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Role Of Women Until 1500 - Research Paper Example The difference focused on the amount of freedom given to women. Prior to the Vedas age, women were well taken care of but there were no opportunities for them to own properties. Their status was subordinate to men. During the Vedas age, women were of equivalent status with men. There have been fewer restrictions in a woman’s freedom at that time. Women have an active role, not only in managing the household but also in managing agriculture and crafts that bring business and money in for the family. The primary reason for this is that men were unavailable because of the wars at that time. And so women are allowed and given the chance to take care of the economic aspect of their families. As the years pass by, women gained more mobility and freedom though still tied to their roles as wives to their husbands. Though they had acquired freedom in education, career and independence, they were still seen as the counterparts of men, establishing the fact that women’s primary role is to be a partner to their husbands. Men and women have joint ownership on properties and estates. Women had the right to inheritance and to own properties as men had. Women are allowed to participate in intellectual discussions. High-class women of the society are well-educated. Women are not limited to their careers as wives and mothers. They were part of the working class. Society allowed them to nurture and pursue careers that they have longed studied and mastered. Women were also free to participate in religious ceremonies. Even if the wife is supposed to be the caretaker of the husband and the family, a counterpart of the husband, their role were significant as to understanding that a home is incomplete without the wife who manages it. Before the 1500s arrived, changes in the roles and position of women happened. At the time when war was rampant, the duty of the women to bear sons was important. 500 B.C. to 500 A.D. were better times

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Human sexuality movie 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Human sexuality movie 2 - Essay Example The aspect has established a character where the bible is just a book to share, but not to administer its teaching and faith in truth and faith. â€Å"For The Bible Tells Me So† entails an American film, which explains the aspect of homosexuality and its conflicts with Christianity. Such conflicts entail a perspective where they invites the church to ratify the practice and associate it with race, gender, or nationalism. They request Christianity to engage freedom where the gays can marry. On the contrary, the church argues that marriage is a sacred practice initiated by God and therefore gay marriage does not stand a chance. Further, they demand their acceptance in the church where they can undertake the respective religious practices in the liturgy among other doctrines of the church. It is evident that the church stands on the contrary arguing that such an act encompass hypocrisy, which is wrong before the eyes of God (Boone, 36). They advocate for allowance to engage churc h leadership through their involvement in the clergy. However, the film argues that the clergy serves as a role model to the Christians where they should not be associated with homosexuality among other evil practices according to the biblical conventions. In a more critical review, the church has never considered the truth behind homosexuality where equality is a thorny aspect in the society. It is evident that many families live in challenges where the men engage dishonesty to the women on the aspect as well as the men to their women. It is evident that homosexuality solves the situation and protects the men from engaging certain diseases for instances, HIV AID. Further, some residents in the society lose taste to the opposite gender after divorce where their conscience leads them to commit suicide since they cannot live alone. Evidently, the church should consider homosexuality in the sense that such a perception will protect the life of

Monday, November 18, 2019

Public-Private Partnerships Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Public-Private Partnerships - Essay Example Besides, it encourages competition and promotes quality service delivery. Lastly, its application can help in a proper and full utilization of public resources (Savas, 2005). Despite its positive contributions in the country, the effective application of PPP can be affected by political interference, bureaucratic procedures in the procumbent system, poor policy formulation and implementation (LeRoux, 2007). These, if not properly checked, can be quite disastrous in the success of PPP in the country. Definitely, the information provided in this book can be of great importance to anyone who wants to venture into public administration. It imparts crucial knowledge that can help in preparing them to be informed and open-minded public administrators. First, it provides a proper understanding on the differences between PPP and PPE. Secondly, it teaches on the effectiveness of a proper application of these concepts in the management of public resources. Moreover, it teaches on the obstacles that can derail effective application of PPP. Last, but not least, the article informs on the best strategies that can be applied to address such challenges. All these can be quite invaluable to a prospecting public

Saturday, November 16, 2019

History Of The Nike As A Company

History Of The Nike As A Company Founded as an importer of Japanese shoes, NIKE, Inc. (Nike) has grown to be the worlds largest marketer of athletic footwear and apparel. In the United States, Nike products are sold through about 20,000 retail accounts; worldwide, the companys products are sold in about 110 countries. Both domestically and overseas Nike operates retail stores, including Nike Towns and factory outlets. Nearly all of the items are manufactured by independent contractors, primarily located overseas, with Nike involved in the design, development, and marketing. In addition to its wide range of core athletic shoes and apparel, the company also sells Nike and Bauer brand athletic equipment, Cole Haan brand dress and casual footwear, and the Sports Specialties line of headwear featuring licensing team logos. The company has relied on consistent innovation in the design of its products and heavy promotion to fuel its growth in both U.S. and foreign markets. The ubiquitous presence of the Nike brand and its Swoosh trademark led to a backlash against the company by the late 20th century, particularly in relation to allegations of low wages and poor working conditions at the companys Asian contract manufacturers. General Usage of PEST PEST is part of business environment, which consider by external environment. Political environment is the starting point, many other sources of macro-environmental forces. The result of political decision-making can often be seen as the governments economic policies and legislation. It is important to know is that the political and legislative environment related to the marketing of great significance, and may have a marketing strategy on the development are directly related. (Geoff Lancaster, 1993) Closely related to, and intertwined with, the political / legal environment is the economic environment. The marketing strategist must understand the variety of economic variables that will shape marketing plans. Factors such as rates of inflation, interest rates, exchange rates, industrial output, levels of disposable income and the balance of payments are just some of the factors of potentially major concern to marketing management because they, in turn, influence costs, prices and demand. Once again, not just domestic but international economic developments and trends must increasingly be considered. Consequently, marketing strategy needs to take account of the à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“ebb and flowà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ of economic factors in a global setting. (Geoff Lester, 1993) Changes and trends in the sociocultural environment present significant challenges to the strategic marketing planner. Peopleà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s basic beliefs, attitudes and values are shaped and conditioned by the society in which they grow up. Their general behaviour, including of course their purchasing behaviour, is profoundly influenced by societal and cultural norms. Core cultural and social values are firmly established within a society and are generally difficult to change. If and when they do change, they do so only slowly. In the short term, therefore, they should be treated as parameters within which marketing strategies need to be formulated. However, over a period of say 20 to 30 years, we can expect some social and cultural values to have changed dramatically. (Geoff Lester, 1993) Technology is a major environmental influence upon marketing strategy. This influence is manifested in a variety of ways. For example, developments and breakthroughs in technology are the basis for new products and sometimes new industries. Home computers, compact disc players, video recorders and instant cameras are just a few of the product which have emerged in recent years. Biotechnology, information technology and energy conservation are just a few of the new industries. (Geoff Lester, 1993) Benefit of PEST PEST use is very important. A company needed it to operate in a country.In a country where political instability makes the future of a company changes.The time when the political stability, a natural and smooth operation of the company, by a government tax will be relatively low. nike company has stores in the world, so different in every country has the political will of nike companys works. nike company is a foreign company must be delivered to import taxes, but if the political stability, the company naturally pay low taxes. Each country has different rules, for example, is still in Muslim countries can not have exposed any advertising, so the nike company must in each country in different ways to do publicity.When the countrys economic good times, can also help greatly improve the companys sales.But when the recession will certainly affect all of the companies and people. Nike economy will affect the company.When a countrys economic good time, companies can purchase a lot better than the economy can also help the company publicity. Nike items sold by the company are about to peoples needs, such as clothes, shoes and more. So a good national economy will affect the companys operations, such as a country needs more clothes, then the company will be shipping for the national needs. But if the recession when the nike company lowered the price so people will continue shopping to maintain the economy. Community is one of them will affect a companys future. When a company started, is that the people most in need of support. In an upper class society, people will spend money on things they need the body. But in a nasty society, people need only basic needs. Sell nike shoes company is based, in a society where everyone needs to wear shoes so the community will also affect the companys business. Different ages have different needs such as athletes need shoes so the company will make different models for the athletes shoes. If more young people to that country, the company will launch a variety of different comparison slippers or shoes and so on. Upper-class society needs are different, they need is more noble, so the company will look better shoes. In a traditional society, is not to be exposed toes, so the company will have different nike shoes available. When the nike companys needs to the needs of society will naturally open up. Technology on are important to every company, this wi ll affect the companys future direction. nike companys technology has always been unchallenged for all aspects of the shoe is its own unique design. nike shoes for each of the company have put a lot of human and material resources to enable people to wear more comfortable. Former shoe factory are artificial, and now the nike company not only uses the machine also uses computer technology to produce more product information better and better products out. nike shoe companies each have mentioned the spelling of the highest, so that people wear comfortable, so people are very reliable company works. PEST on the nike company has some influence. So good a company need to control these environmental factors. With these factors, nike company makes business better. For example, if the economy is good, political stability, higher living standards, technological progress, which will make the company a lot of room for improvement. 2) Organizational structure Organizational structure in each company will have not the same. It is used to solve a companys management, every stage has a different job, different departments have different methods of management. This is the reason for the organizational structure. Not the same as in the organizational structure of the organization of methods, such as a: tall organizational structures, Flat organisational structures, Functional structures, Product structures, Division sturctures, Customer structures and so on. These are used in the operation of companies of different sizes. Now I introduce the Tall organizational structures, the organization belongs to multi-layer structure, for example, a stage that only two to three of the men, while men have only every two to three subordinates. Many companies will use this structure, because the management is easy, less friction between colleagues, every department to do their own business. Although this is a tall structure, important decisions are often the highest authorities to the report, be carried out must also be approved. So this is what one of the disadvantages often are elongated because of the time to wait for high-level decisions, which will have missed the best time. Also, if you need some high -level consultation, the need to address the underlying lack of communication was found between them. Tall organizational structure When a technology developed at the competitive big tall organizational structure of society can no longer be used in a big company, so many companies have changed into flat organizational structure. The reason is simple, this structure is to multi-layer system . In this organization, a department can have at least seven subordinates, so this will make the efficiency faster and work faster. Because more people to manage, so the head of each layer must have enough experience, and it does not require any management decision should be the highest level to decide. When a large company need to expand the market, this structure can be easily controlled by hand. For example, in a branch where only one in charge to control. This company wants to know the natural turnover of each will be more convenient. In each charge under the leadership of the response can be directly subordinate level can also be spread to shorten the time, the efficiency faster. flat organizational structures can be deleg ate power to local manager. In a busy society, people need something faster and more convenient, so the separation of powers on by the competent body that will be more easy to get the customers heart. To make a decision quickly, the efficiency to better the people demand for higher. Conclusion Therefore, the rapid progress in this society that every company must accelerate the pace can not be left behind. tall organizational structure has already been replaced by flat organizational structure in large companies, only a small company can use. In many of the environmental factors in different markets require a different management structure. Organizational structure of is to allow a company to s operations more convenient.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

How the Use of Drugs and Alcohol Affect High School Achievement Essay

How the Use of Drugs and Alcohol Affect High School Achievement A student at Lakeside High School, called Ann for purposes of privacy, had a grade point average of 3.6 through her sophomore year. During her junior year, she dropped out of extra-curricular activities and became withdrawn from other social activities. As she was introduced to the world of hard drugs, Ann’s grades dropped to C’s and D’s. At her graduation party, she was rushed to the hospital for a heroin overdose. Ann’s grades plunged as a result of heavy drug use, a likely combination of emotional and physical degrading upon herself. Society as a whole degrades itself in this manner, whether the individuals themselves realize it or not. Achievement in high schools today is lacking greatly because of the societal problem of teen drug abuse. (Callahan 1) The achievement of high school students is affected by the usage of drugs and alcohol. Many factors can lead to the usage of drugs. There is an apparent correlation between family income and drug use. The pressures exerted by society and peers also increase the chance of high school students to use drugs or alcohol. Students who are under the influence of mind-altering chemicals cannot learn as well, lack motivation, and risk permanent loss of memory and ability to learn. Many programs have been put into effect in the last five years to help combat this social disease, such as D.A.R.E. This is a serious problem in today’s society because not only is the usage illegal, it causes society as a whole to degrade its social climate for growth. (Schydlower 1) Some of the most common factors that seem to have a direct correlation with drug use are peer pressure, high unemployment rate, low paying jobs, continued poverty, health problems, and lack of health insurance. There are many reasons why a high school student may use alcohol or drugs, but there are five main reasons as thought by Cepulkauskaite. They may feel the need to use drugs in order to feel grown up, to fit in and belong, to relax and feel good, to take risks and rebel, or to satisfy curiosity. Students yearn for social acceptance more than academic achievement, which is a problem that society continues to fight. These causes are among the many that may or may not lead to drug usage. (Hayslett 1; Cepulkauskaite 2) The effects of drug abuse are many and range from coma to ... ... Executive Summary of the 2000 Primary Prevention Awareness, Attitude, & Use Survey (PPAAUS). 2000. March 23, 2003. Futris, Ted G. and Urvia McDowell. Adolescents at Risk: Illicit Drug Use. 2002. April 6, 2003. Hayslett, Chandra. Alcohol, Drugs Affect Dropout Rate-Study. February 13, 1996. March 9, 2003. Jacobus, Karen. Effects of Drug Use. 1999. April 6, 2003. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Prevention. School Health Policies and Programs Study. September 30, 2002. April 6, 2003. Parents. The Anti-Drug. Winter 2002. April 7, 2003. Pride Says Teen Drug Use at 10-Year Low. July 19, 2002. April 6, 2003. Schuster, Eli. Education, Poverty Linked. November 26, 2002. April 9, 2003. Schydlower, Manuel and Committee on Substance Abuse. The Role of Schools in Combating Substance Abuse. May 1995. March 9, 2003. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. The National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. September 3, 2002. March 9, 2003. Tobacco, Alcohol, and Other Drug Use Among High School Students – United States, 1991. August 5, 1998. March 9, 2002. Your Time-Their Future. Overview. 1999. April 9, 2003.

Monday, November 11, 2019

Gender wage gaps

â€Å" In all of the advanced capitalist states adult females were sing the contradictions of an instruction which seemed to assure self-fulfilment, and a labor market based on inequalities of category and gender † ( Brinton, 1993, as cited in Threlfall, 1996, p. 270 ) . This statement has been made more than fifteen old ages ago and indicated that adult females were non treated every bit sing work and wage. However, have fortunes changed since so? If yes, did they better or decline and to which widen? The purpose of this paper is to analyze the being of a gender pay spread in Japan and Germany and to measure possible grounds for it. Furthermore, an mentality for the hereafter will be given at the terminal.2. Gender Wage Gap in JapanThe Nipponese jurisprudence system is regulated by the Nipponese Standards Labour Law which was enacted after World War II in 1947. This Nipponese Standards Labour Law contained a clause which should protect working adult females. In world, this cl ause prevented adult females from working inordinate overtime and during darks ( Sama and Papamarcos, 2000 ) . This is why adult females could non mount up the oily pole. Furthermore, this jurisprudence prohibited that adult females were treated otherwise on the footing of sex ( Threlfall, 1996 ) . On top of this, as stated by Threlfall ( 1996 ) , the Standards Labour Law covered merely equal rewards but non publicity or retirement. During this clip, employers could be sued for favoritism, but this was an expensive and time-consuming act as each instance had to be dealt with individually. Additionally, many companies circumvented the danger of cases by new scaling of occupation rubrics ( Threlfall, 1996 ) . This changed in 1986 when the Equal Employment Opportunity Law ( EEOL ) was passed ( Sama and Papamarcos, 2000 ) . This jurisprudence encouraged companies in Japan to handle employees every bit in all facets like rewards, publicity, enlisting and hiring ( Threlfall, 1996 ) . Unfo rtunately, the EEOL contained no punishments for go oning favoritism and besides its amendment, which was enacted in 1999, did non truly better the inequalities sing pay and publicity between work forces and adult females ( Sama and Papamarcos, 2000 ) . Figure 1 clarifies these of import labor Torahs in Japan.Figure 1: Legal Mechanisms and Government EnterprisesNipponese Labour Standards Law of 1947 Contained protective clause for working adult females. Came under examination in 1970s as a possible hindrance to adult females ‘s calling promotion. Equal Employment Opportunity Law ( EEOL ) of 1986 Enacted in 1987, the EEOL called for equal wage for equal work. No punishments for lawbreakers. Employers asked merely to do a good attempt. June 1997 Amendment to the EEOL Enacted in 1999, the amendment lifted limitations on midnight, vacation, and overtime work by adult females in consequence since the 1947 Labor Standards Law. Further stiffened warnings against companies found in misdemeanor of the EEOL. No punishments attached. Beginning: Adapted from: Sama, L. and Papamarcos, S. ( 2000 ) . ‘Culture ‘s effects for working adult females in corporate America and Japan, Ind. ‘ . Cross Cultural Management – An International Journal. Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 18-29. Harmonizing to Selmer ( 2001 ) , the Nipponese â€Å" pay system is based on senior status † ( pp. 236-237 ) . This indicates that publicity and pay rise are automatic and no topic to occupation responsibilities or virtue ( Selmer, 2001 ) . That means that employees get publicity and pay rise when they reach certain age degrees. â€Å" The gender pay spread is measured as the average pay of work forces minus the average pay of adult females, expressed as a proportion of the average pay of work forces † ( Evans, 2002, p. 191 ) . As stated by the World Economic Forum ( 2005 ) , â€Å" no state has yet managed to extinguish the gender spread † ( p. 1 ) . Harmonizing to OECD ( 2007 ) , the adult females ‘s medium pay in Japan is two tierces of that received by work forces. This represents twice the OECD norm. Figure 2 displays the gender pay spread of several states. Blau and Kahn ( 2003 ) stated that the gender pay spread in Japan is up to 85 % ( as cited in Johnes and Tanaka, 2006 ) . This means that adult females earn up to 85 % less than work forces. Recent beginnings indicated a gender pay spread of 65.9 % for 2007 ( Nipponese Institute for Labour Policy and Training, 2008 ) . The differences in the gender pay spread are capable to different informations used for analysis. Some computations include parttime workers, which are chiefly female and others base their computations on full-time employees merely.Figure 2: Gender Pay Gap in 2003Beginning: Adapted from: OECD ( 2007 ) . ‘Highlights Japan ‘ [ online ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.oecd.org/dataoecd/20/20/39696303.pdf [ Accessed 29 December 2008 ] . 3. Reasons for the Gender Wage Gap in Japan As already stated above, Nipponese houses discriminate on the evidences of gender when paying employees. This chapter evaluates several grounds for the gender pay spread in Japan. First of wholly, many workers in Japan acquire a lifetime employment contract ( Ishii, 2000 ) . Nipponese houses make immense investings in employee preparation and that is why they want their employees to remain as long with the company as possible. Therefore, the continuance of fond regard to a house plays an of import function when negociating rewards. As it is most frequently foreseeable that adult females will non remain with one company for their whole life, because they want to get down a household one twenty-four hours, they reasonably much ne'er acquire a life-time contract ( Ishii, 2000 ) . Therefore, as stated by Ihsii ( 2000 ) , companies make no investing in human capital when they employ adult females as they think they will non profit in the hereafter from this investing as adult females soon er or later leave the company. The 2nd ground for the gender pay spread is based on different experiences. Miyoshi ( 2007 ) argued that there is no gender wage spread when people are employed straight after school, college or university. But when employees accumulate work experience, the pay spread enlarges. Miyoshi ( 2007 ) explains this fact by mentioning to the full-time work experience and senior status. The more full-time work experience an employee has, the more valuable he is. As adult females frequently have less work experience because of child-raising duties and merely parttime occupations, the get less money and less publicity than their male opposite number. Different features of workers represent the 3rd ground for the gender pay spread in Japan. Johnes and Tanaka ( 2006 ) explained that different features like age, work experience, instruction and continuance of work are one ground for the gender wage spread in Japan. They agree with Miyoshi when saying that differences in work experience are the ground for wage inequalities, but they extend the statement by adding other features like age and instruction. The greater portion of the gender pay spread in Japan can be explained by mentioning to the grounds stated above. However, there is besides a smaller portion of the net incomes spread that can non be explained. Harmonizing to Kawaguchi ( 2006 ) , this portion can be attributed to arouse favoritism.4. Gender Wage Gap in GermanySing German jurisprudence, article 3 paragraph 2 of the German Fundamental law of 1949 provinces that work forces and adult females have equal rights ( Maier, 2007 ) . Furthermore, paragraph 3 provinces that no 1 should be discriminated on the evidences of gender. This right for equal intervention and payment was non practiced in world as particular pay groups for adult females were allowed in corporate understandings until 1955 ( Maier, 2007 ) . Furthermore, Maier ( 2007 ) stated that most employees in Germany are paid harmonizing to these corporate understandings, â€Å" although the coverage is worsening † ( p. 11 ) . In 1980, a new paragraph was added to the German Constitution which demanded equal wage for work of equal value ( Winter, 1998 ) . But this amendment brought no opportunity. Later, in 2006, the General Equal Treatment Act was passed and paragraph 7 prohibited â€Å" unequal intervention within any employment relationship † ( Maier, 2007, p. 18 ) . This jurisprudence stated that lower rewards for adult females are non justified if they are based on gender. Unfortunately, German jurisprudence still lacks legal steps to command the execution of equal pay rules. Furthermore, Maier ( 2007 ) stated that it is non easy for adult females to claim their right for equal wage. Class actions are non allowed and therefore, all adult females must convey their single claim to tribunal. As this is frequently an expensive and time-consuming procedure, many complainants refrain from registering a suit ( Maier, 2007 ) . That is why Germany has a important high gender pay spread, although the German authorities has a female Chan cellor of the Exchequer ( Plass, 2008 ) . In world, as stated by Plass ( 2008 ) , Germany has one of the highest gender wage spreads on the European continent. Furthermore, more than 90 per centum of all on the job adult females are discriminated and earn between 80 and 210 cents less per hr ( Grad & A ; iacute ; n, del R & A ; iacute ; o and Cant & A ; oacute ; , 2006 ) . Legal norms for equal wage in Germany are displayed in figure 3.Figure 3: Legal Norms on Equal Pay in GermanyLegal footing Article/paragraph Persons covered Basic Law ( Grundgesetz ) Article 3 Para 2 and 3 All employees Civil Code ( B & A ; uuml ; rgerliches Gesetzbuch )  § 612 Para 3 ; Replaced by General Equal Treatment Act ( Allgemeines Gleichstellungsgesetz AGG ) in 2006,  §Ã‚ §3, 7, 8Any employment relationshipBeginning: Adapted from: Maier, F. ( 2007 ) . ‘The continuity of the gender pay spread in Germany ‘ [ online ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //ww w.harriet-taylor-mill.de/pdfs/ discuss/Discussion % 20Paper % 2001 % 202007.pdf [ Accessed 29 December 2008 ] . Harmonizing to the German authorities statistics agency, Destatis, working adult females in Germany earned 24 per centum less than work forces in 2006 ( as cited in Plass, 2008 ) . As stated by Maier ( 2007 ) , this figure has been reduced to 22 per centum in 2007. Whereas the mean difference in wage is 15 per centum in the European Union ( Spiegel Online International, 2008 ) .5. Reasons for the Gender Wage Gap in GermanySeveral grounds contribute to the big gender pay spread in Germany. First of wholly, as mentioned by Lauer ( n.d. ) , adult females frequently do non possess the same instruction and accomplishments as work forces do. Employers who place value on these exact accomplishments are likely to pay adult females less in order to counterbalance the deficiency of accomplishments and cognition. Furthermore, Lauer ( n.d. ) besides mentioned that accomplishments and cognition may be rewarded otherwise between work forces and adult females. Meaning that adult females with the same educational background and cognition will gain less because these indistinguishable accomplishments are non rewarded the same manner by the employer. In add-on, Maier ( 2007 ) identified the deficiency of legal barriers against low rewards as a ground for the gender wage differences in Germany. As there exists no general lower limit pay in Germany, and as the state has about three million unemployed individuals ( Bundesagentur f & A ; uuml ; R Arbeit, 2008 ) , it is easy for employers to make full a low-paid vacancy. Furthermore, Lauer ( n.d. ) identified occupational crowding of adult females in low paid businesss as another beginning for gaining inequalities between work forces and adult females in Germany. There is besides the fact that there is a low proportion of working adult females in extremely paid places ( Maier, 2007 ) . Concluding, Maier ( 2007 ) stated that factors like age, instruction and work experience present merely a really unimportant ground for pay favoritism. Again, the unexplained portion of the gender pay spread can be attributed to favoritism based on gender ( Lauer, n.d. ) .6. Similarities and Differences between Japan and GermanyAfter analysing the gender pay spread in Japan and Germany and its grounds, several similarities every bit good as differences can be pointed out. First of wholly, there is a important high gender pay spread in both states, although the difference in net incomes is higher in Japan with about 35 per centum compared to Germany with approximately 22 per centum ( Maier, 2007 ) . However, the German net incomes spread is 7 per centum higher than the European Union norm ( Spiegel Online International, 2008 ) . Both states put accent on the features of employees. Age, work experience and instruction are of import when negociating rewards. As adult females frequently have less instruction or work experience than work forces ( Lauer, n.d. ) , they get paid less than their male opposite number. Furthermore, portion of the gender pay spread in both states is an unexplained portion which can be attributed to gender favoritism ( Kawaguchi, 2006 ; Lauer, n.d. ) . Differences between the two states can be found in the fact that Nipponese employers discriminate when puting in human capital. Due to the Nipponese lifetime employment, many employers consider instead carefully whether to use adult females or non. As it is obvious to them that adult females will go forth the company some twenty-four hours for child-raising responsibilities, they will thereby take away the human capital in which the company invested.7. DecisionEven if both states enacted Torahs in the 80ies which should guarantee equal wage for work of equal value, there is still a important gender pay spread discernible. Japan every bit good as Germany managed during the last to decennaries to contract this spread, but this happened likely merely because of the new Torahs which were enforced. When looking in front, both states will likely hold a different hereafter. Japan will lodge to its lifetime employment system ( Kato, 2001 ) and thereby will maintain the net incomes spread bet ween work forces and adult females stable. The fact that more and more Nipponese adult females decide to prosecute their callings can perchance assist in contracting the gender wage spread ( Fackler, 2007 ) . Germany is likely to increase the gender wage spread as the coverage of corporate understandings, which set equal rewards for work forces and adult females, is worsening ( Maier, 2007 ) . Furthermore, every bit long as there is no support from the authorities to implement the right for equal money for work of equal value, the gender pay spread will non be narrowed.8. Bibliography,Blau, F. and Kahn, L. ( 2003 ) . ‘Understanding international differences in the gender wage spread ‘ . Journal of Labor Economics. Vol. 21, pp. 106-144. Brinton, M. ( 1993 ) . Womans and the economic miracle: gender and work in post-war Japan. Berkeley: Calif. Bundesagentur degree Fahrenheit & A ; uuml ; R Arbeit ( 2008 ) . ‘Der Arbeits- und Ausbildungsmarkt in Deutschland ‘ ( The work and instruction market in Germany ) [ on-line ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pub. arbeitsamt.de/hst/services/statistik/000000/html/start/monat/ aktuell.pdf [ Accessed 6 January 2009 ] . Evans, J. ( 2002 ) . ‘work/family rapprochement, gender pay equity and occupational segregation: the function of rims and public policy ‘ [ online ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //economics.ca/cgi/jab? journal= cpp & A ; view=v28s1/CPPv28s1p187.pdf [ Accessed 16 December 2008 ] . Fackler, M. ( 2007 ) . ‘Career adult females in Japan find a out of use way ‘ . The New York Times, [ online ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nytimes.com/2007/08/06/world/asia/06equal.html [ Accessed 6 January 2009 ] . Grad & A ; iacute ; n, C. , del R & A ; iacute ; o, C. and Cant & A ; oacute ; , O. ( 2006 ) . ‘Poverty and adult females ‘s labo ur market activity: the function of gender pay favoritism in the EU ‘ [ online ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ecineq.org/milano/ WP/ECINEQ2006-40.pdf [ Accessed 6 January 2009 ] . Ishii, H. ( 2000 ) . ‘Occupational segregation and the gender pay spread in Japan ‘ [ online ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kli.re.kr/ iira2004/pro/papers/HisakoISHII.pdf [ Accessed 05 January 2009 ] . Nipponese Institute for Labour Policy and Training ( 2008 ) . ‘Wages and labor costs ‘ [ online ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jil.go. jp/english/estatis/databook/2008/05.htm [ Accessed 05 January 2009 ] . Johnes, G. and Tanaka, Y. ( 2006 ) . ‘Changes in gender pay favoritism in the ninetiess: a narrative of three different economic systems ‘ . Japan and the World Economy. Vol. 20, pp. 97-113. Kato, T. ( 2001 ) . ‘The t erminal of lifetime employment in Japan? : grounds from national studies and field research ‘ . Journal of the Japanese and International Economies. Vol. 15, pp. 489-514. Kawaguchi, D. ( 2006 ) . ‘A market trial for sex favoritism: grounds from Nipponese firm-level panel informations ‘ . International Journal of Industrial Organization. Vol. 25, pp. 441-460. Lauer, C. ( n.d. ) . ‘Gender pay spread in West Germany: how far do gender differences in human capital affair? ‘ [ online ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm? abstract_id=217651 [ Accessed 6 January 2009 ] . Maier, F. ( 2007 ) . ‘The continuity of the gender pay spread in Germany ‘ [ online ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.harriet-taylor-mill.de/pdfs/discuss/Discussion % 20Paper % 2001 % 202007.pdf [ Accessed 29 December 2008 ] . Miyoshi, K. ( 2007 ) . ‘Male-female pay derived functions in Japan ‘ . Japan and the World Economy. Vol. 20, pp. 479-496. OECD ( 2007 ) . ‘Highlights Japan ‘ [ online ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.oecd.org/dataoecd/20/20/39696303.pdf [ Accessed 29 December 2008 ] . Plass, S. ( 2008 ) . ‘German adult females struggle with gender pay spread ‘ . International Herald Tribune, [ online ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: // www.iht.com/articles/2008/08/28/business/women.php? page=1 [ Accessed 31 December 2008 ] . Sama, L. and Papamarcos, S. ( 2000 ) . ‘Culture ‘s effects for working adult females in corporate America and Japan, Ind. ‘ . Cross Cultural Management – An International Journal. Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 18-29. Selmer, J. ( 2001 ) . ‘Human resource direction in Japan ‘ . International Journal of Manpower. Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 235-243. Spiegel Online International ( 2008 ) . ‘German adult females earn a fifth less than work forces ‘ . Spiegel Online International, [ online ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518, 558526,00.html [ Accessed 31 December 2008 ] . Threlfall, M. ( 1996 ) . Maping the adult females ‘s motion. London: Verso. Winter, R. ( 1998 ) . Gleiches Entgelt degree Fahrenheit & A ; uuml ; r gleichwertige Arbeit: Ein Prinzip ohne Praxis ( Equal wage for work of equal value: a rule without practice. ) . Baden-Baden. World Economic Forum ( 2005 ) . ‘Women ‘s authorization: mensurating the planetary gender spread ‘ [ online ] . Available at: Uniform resource locator: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.weforum.org/pdf/Global_Competitiveness_Reports/Reports/gender_gap.pdf [ Accessed 30 December 2008 ] .

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Writing a Term Paper

Writing a Term Paper Writing a Term Paper Writing a Term Paper Thus, you have to write a term paper and you do not know how to write it. Start with the preparation stage of term paper writing - write down term paper ideas you have on the topic.   You will find it easier to write a term paper if you build an outline first.   Think carefully about what you are going to write. Choose the topic which will be interesting for you and your reader. Decide on the purpose of your term paper writing. Whatever topic you choose, it must fit the academic purpose. Term paper may be descriptive, narrative, or propose solutions to problems. Term paper may be creative in the sense that the authors have an opportunity to explain their points of view creatively. Do not forget to include a thesis statement in the opening part of your term paper.   Thesis statement is a sentence that explicitly identifies the purpose of term paper writing or previews its main ideas. A thesis is the main idea, not the title. It must be a complete sentence that explains in some detail what the reader should expect to find in your term paper. You should include thesis in the first paragraph of your term paper. Term paper must consist of at least three paragraphs. While a two-paragraph term paper may be possible to write, most of the tutors expect to receive a term paper that has a clear introduction, detailed body, and logical conclusion.   The primary purpose of term paper writing is to thoroughly discuss the main idea. Term Paper Format Guidelines Term paper outline will help to write a good academic work. The introduction paragraph is the first paragraph of your term paper. It introduces the main idea of term paper writing. A good opening paragraph attracts the interest of your reader and tells why your topic is important. Write down a good thesis statement. Provide some background information about your topic. You should focus on interesting facts, quotations, or definitions of important terms you will use later in the term paper. Supporting paragraphs make up the main body of your term paper. They develop the main idea. Develop each supporting point into a detailed full paragraph.   You should use transition words to connect supporting paragraphs. Transition words link your paragraphs together and make your term paper easier to read. Use them at the beginning and end of your paragraphs. The summary paragraph comes at the end of your term paper after you have finished developing your ideas. The summary paragraph is a concl usion. It summarizes or restates the main idea of term paper writing. You want to leave the reader with a sense that your term paper is complete. Restate the strongest points of your term paper that support the main idea. Custom Written Term Papers You are welcome to ask our writers for term paper writing help if you are not sure how to write a good term paper by yourself. We are ready to help you with all steps of term paper writing and we guarantee high quality of every term paper delivers.   Entrust your assignment only to experienced writers!

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Earth First vs. Headwaters essays

Earth First vs. Headwaters essays Earth First! is characterized as a radical environmental group by its enemies and as a necessary and militant group seeking to protect the environment from illegal use and predatory actions by big business by its supporters. The group has raised objections to one project in particular, the Headwaters project in Humboldt County in Northern California, bringing it into conflict not only with the Maxxam Corporation that is pushing this project and with various employees or potential employees of that company but also with the FBI, lading to several court cases either directed at Earth First! or undertaken by Earth First! in order to challenge the actions of Maxxam. A number of legal issues are raised in these court actions by both sides in the dispute. Headwaters Forest was acquired by Maxxam Corporation in 1986 in a leveraged buyout. Maxxam Corporation is headed by Texas financier Charles Hurwitz, and he greatly increased logging of ancient redwoods to reduce his takeover debt, which started a ten-year battle with Earth First! over what would happen to the forest. The forest in question includes six ancient groves of old-growth coastal redwoods covering approximately 6,000 acres. Also included is another 12,000 acres of old-growth trees. These have been selectively logged but are surrounded by a mixture of young forest, stream zones, and cut-over lands targeted by environmentalists for restoration. Groups like Earth First! became interested because there are good reasons The old-growth redwoods of Headwaters provide critical habitat for the endangered marbled murrelet, coho salmon, and other species. Only 150 years ago the redwood forests of Oregon and California covered two million acres; now less than four percent remain. The Clinton administration and the State of California have agreed to purchase two of ...

Monday, November 4, 2019

The story of DDT and Malaria (History Essay) Essay - 1

The story of DDT and Malaria (History ) - Essay Example At the end of World War II the technological advancements that were a product of the war began to filter into the commercial economy. The growing demand for food brought about the need for chemicals to grow, preserve, and package food products as agriculture moved from the family farm and into large-scale operations. This era witnessed the introduction of DDT at a time when its long-term effects were unknown, and in 1950 the US House of Representatives opened hearings to investigate the use of chemicals and additives to food products.3 In 1962 Rachel Carson wrote her landmark book Silent Spring, which brought about public scrutiny in regards to the safety of the fertilizer, insecticide, and pesticide programs that were being used in domestic agriculture. Since that time the US has escalated their drive to monitor the use of chemicals in the food chain and have maintained a policy of the evaluation and licensing the use of hazardous chemicals with the goal of creating safer consumer p roducts. While this policy has brought thousands of products under the scrutiny of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), DDT was one of the first and most visible victims of this program. During the 1950s the World Health Organization (WHO) pursued a policy of widespread use of DDT in Asia, Latin America, and Africa in an effort to eliminate the mosquitoes that transmitted the deadly disease of malaria. By 1971 the WHO estimated that as many as 1 billion people had been freed from the risk on contracting malaria.4 However, there were dangers lurking in the shadows of this success. Because there was a chance of the insects building up a resistance to DDT over time, it was necessary to spray the infected areas on a regular and diligent schedule. In addition, the WHO failed to account for several variables that worked against the program. Local bureaucratic governments failed to spray regularly, infected individuals imported the disease,

Saturday, November 2, 2019

Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Strategy - Essay Example Yahoo was founded by Jerry Yang and David Filo in 1994, mainly as a website which featured a directory of other websites. From that beginning, it spread its operations extensively, making strong presence in certain segments, but still lay behind Google in majority of the segments, as well as in relation to market share and revenue. Actually, in 2000, Yahoo and Google had a working association, with Yahoo using Google for search results. However that was short-lived, and both the companies parted ways and importantly started competing against each other in various segments. Porter’s ‘five forces framework’ Threat of Entrants Any industrial sector will have threat from new entrants, and dot.com sector will be no exception. Actually, the dot.com sector, used to denote the companies that mainly do their operations over the internet with a website and a domain ending with .com, got originated due to the entry of new entrants particularly in Silicon Valley. This being t he case, there will be a constant threat of new entrants in this sector. New entrants are always attracted to industry sectors that are flourishing and that seem to offer the potential for healthy profits, dot.com industry fits that bill aptly. (â€Å"Consulting Tools†). They are targeting various segments in the dot.com industry from emails, video sharing and hosting, etc., Although, Google and Yahoo have consolidated their positions in these segments and hold larger market share, these new entrants by giving widespread services are minor threats. Threat of Substitutes The threat of substitutes will be found more in the dot.com industrial sector, because the lines of control and authority are blurred in the virtual world. With no worldwide authority to detect and stop copyrights infringement and other violation of trademark services, substitutes can come with similar services or slightly modified services, negatively impacting pioneers like Google and Yahoo. However, the fac t is, these two companies were also accused of coming up with substituting services, violating the rights of other players, but that were only minimal. With Internet coverage increasing, the competition for online business also increases, and using this opportunity many players are coming up with substitute services. For example, Google’s Iphone has been substituted by other local mobile phone makers, likewise Youtube has many substitutes like Dailymotion, Yahoomail has been substituted by many pan-national as well as local players. â€Å"The Internet creates new substitution threats by enabling new approaches to meeting customer needs and performing business functions† (Shin). Power of Suppliers In the dot.com industry, quite uniquely, the supplier of product or services as well as user or customer of service will be maximally one and the same. That is, most of the products or services offered by the companies, like websites in search engine results, videos in Youtube , Google Adsense feature, etc., are not created ‘in-house’, instead they are sourced from the suppliers outside. Those same suppliers along with sizable common people will also utilize those services as customers. Thus, the companies by aptly hosting or collecting or arranging those things and even

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Effective Bookkeeping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Effective Bookkeeping - Essay Example A failure to keep books properly can have very real ramifications for a school, a district, and the workers in it: it could cause intense scandal and cost people jobs and the district money. Furthermore, regular audits are done to ensure that all moneys are accounted for in reasonable ways, meaning that mistakes will get found and will have real consequences for everyone in the chain of bookkeeping, which could possibly include dismissal. It is difficult to overemphasize the importance of proper bookkeeping. This will simply serve as a refresher, please remember that the full description of appropriate policies and legislation relating to school accounting can be found in the Tennessee Internal School Uniform Accounting Policy Manual. There are several things that can lead to effective bookkeeping, and it is firstly important to emphasize basic and fundamental general rules before moving on to the specifics. Firstly, a record keeping must be orderly and complete. Any transaction incl uding school funds should be kept in a safe location, organized by date and able to be recalled at will. Secondly, transparency is of fundamental importance. If anything does seem to be amiss, it is my responsibility as principle to immediately notify a superior, and thus it is your responsibility to immediately notify me. ... These include funds of a variety of sources, including rental fees for non-district use of school property, student activity fees, donations, and even including cafeteria money. One of the most important and sometimes irking aspects of accounting is that specific fees sometimes need to be assigned to specific tasks, and cannot be used for other tasks. A school’s general fund, which constitutes money gained for the operation of a school, for instance, are only allowed to be use to supplement and not to replace the obligations of the school board, for instance. This means that while the general fund should not be used for school repairs, for instance, which are the responsibility of the district. Thus it is important to keep auditors happy and the whole process smooth that we be very conservative when administering funds, keeping careful track of the money flow and be able to demonstrate that moneys collected under one fund, the general fund, for instance, are not used in inappr opriate, or even seemingly inappropriate ways. Thus, it is incredibly important to keep strong firewalls between different kinds of funds used by the school, and flag any funds that might transfer between the two. Finally, it is of the greatest importance that enough internal controls are in place to ensure that the school is not damaged or defrauded, and that moneys are not misused. There can be very serious consequences from lack internal controls, including bank deposits being stolen, money being diverted for internal use, and so forth. This means things discussed above such as physical control of records, but also daily tallying of cash flows in and out (in cafeterias, and with cash registers, for instance) as well as ensuring proper security

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Formal Outline Essay Example for Free

Formal Outline Essay INTRODUCTION Attention material: The world stopped getting warmer almost 16 years ago, according to new data released last week. The figures, which have triggered debate among climate scientists, reveal that from the beginning of 1997 until August 2012, there was no discernible rise in aggregate global temperatures. This means that the plateau or pause in global warming has now lasted for about the same time as the previous period when temperatures rose, 1980 to 1996. Before that, temperatures had been stable or declining for about 40 years. Credibility material: The current cycle of global warming is changing the rhythms of climate that all living things have come to rely upon. What will we do to slow this warming? How will we cope with the changes weve already set into motion? While we struggle to figure it all out, the face of the Earth, as we know it—coasts, forests, farms, and snowcapped mountains—hangs in the balance. Thesis statement: Today I want to share what I’ve learned about global warming and it’s causes. Preview: We need to consider causes, effects and dangers of global warming. (Transition: Lets begin by understanding more about global warming.) BODY I. The Earth is warming and human activity is the primary cause. A. U.S. scientists said in the media January 19, 2012, about the influence of mankind on the state of global warming has increased from 18% to 51%. B. The primary way humans cause global warming is by burning fossil fuels. 1. When we drive or fly. 2. When we eat meat and Exotic Foods. 3. When we use electricity. 4. When You Move Into A New Development. (Transition: Now, from this it becomes clear why humans are the main cause of global warming, let’s examine its major effects) II. Global Warming effect information. A. The planet is warming, from North Pole to South Pole, and everywhere in between. Globally, the mercury is already up more than 1 degree Fahrenheit (0.8 degree Celsius), and even more in sensitive polar regions. B. Some impacts from increasing temperatures are already happening. 1. Ice is melting worldwide, especially at the Earth’s poles. This includes mountain glaciers, ice sheets covering West Antarctica and Greenland, and Arctic sea ice. 2. Researcher Bill Fraser has tracked the decline of the Adà ©lie penguins on Antarctica, where their numbers have fallen from 32,000 breeding pairs to 11,000 in 30 years. 3. Sea level rise became faster over the last century. 4. Some butterflies, foxes, and alpine plants have moved farther north or to higher, cooler areas. 5. Precipitation (rain and snowfall) has increased across the globe, on average. 6. Spruce bark beetles have boomed in Alaska thanks to 20 years of warm summers. The insects have chewed up 4 million acres of spruce trees. C. Other effects could happen later this century, if warming continues. 1. Sea levels are expected to rise between 7 and 23 inches (18 and 59 centimeters) by the end of the century, and continued melting at the poles could add between 4 and 8 inches (10 to 20 centimeters). 2. Floods and droughts will become more common. Rainfall in Ethiopia, where droughts are already common, could decline by 10 percent over the next 50 years. (Transition: So now, we know about global warming effects, lets see our future†¦and how we can fix it!?) III. Predicted Effects and Impacts of Global Warming. A. Future effects about global warming. 1. Increased spread of infectious diseases: an increase in the number of people exposed to vector borne diseases (e.g. cholera) and an increase in heat stress mortality. 2. Degraded water quality: Projected climate change will tend to degrade water quality through higher water temperatures and increased pollutant load from runoff and overflows of waste facilities. 3. More frequent and more intense heat waves, droughts, and tropical cyclones. B. Some basic predictions of global warming. 1. Global mean temperature should increase by between 1.4 and 5.8 C (2.5 to 10 F). 2. The sea level should rise by between 9 and 88 cm (3.5 to 35). (Transition: Finally, I want to tell you about the solution of this huge problem.) IV. Solutions to Global Warming. A. There is no single solution to global warming. 1. Boosting energy efficiency. 2. Greening transportation. 3. Revving up renewables 4. Phasing out fossil fuel electricityManaging forests and agriculture 5.Exploring nuclear 6.Developing and deploying new low-carbon and zero-carbon technologies. 7. Ensuring sustainable development CONCLUSION Summary statement: Some impacts—such as record high temperatures, melting glaciers, and severe flooding and droughts—are already becoming increasingly common across the country and around the world. However, there is much we can do to protect the health and economic well-being of current and future generations from the consequences of the heat-trapping emissions caused when we burn coal, oil, and gas to generate electricity, drive our cars, and fuel our businesses. Concluding remarks: Since 1880 the world has warmed by 0.75 degrees Celsius.

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Aluminium Based Metal Matrix Composites

Aluminium Based Metal Matrix Composites 1)  The main factor that influences elastic modulus is the matrix , for example : Composites with a aluminium 6061 matrix have a good strength and higher ductility. The reinforcement content is the main factor in the enhancement of elastic modulus in the aluminium silicon metal matrix composite. The graph below show that aluminium silicon composites with higher strength, because of the increased silicon content, such as 2024/2124 or 7075 Al, had higher strengths but lower ductility. It also shows that the elastic modulus increased with the increase in the silicon content. The matrix type also effects the elastic modulus which typically consists of particulate, nodule or whisker type matrix. (Reference 3) The yield strength is usually effected by the matrix alloy ,type and the arrangement of the reinforcement effect the strengths of composites, in particular for those which have whisker reinforcement and Ductility tends to decrease with the reinforcement content is increased. In fracture toughness tests, an increase in particle quantity reduced the toughness of the composites .The main properties which influence the fracture toughness of MMCs is the type of reinforcement, size, shape, quantity and the distribution within the matrix and the toughness of matrix. The poor fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth rate of MMCs is due to low initiation energy for fracture due to high elastic modulus. The thermal expansion coefficient of aluminium silicon carbide fibres reinforced material is significantly influenced by the thermal stresses between the matrix and fibres and thermal expansion behaviour relies on the thermal expansion of the fibres. For applications subjected to severe loads or extreme thermal  fluctuations such as in automotive components, discontinuously-reinforced metal  matrix composites have been shown to offer near isotropic properties Automotive brake disc and callipers are typically made of cast iron, the use of aluminium silicon MMC, would result in a significant weight reduction of around 50- 60% can be made which helps reduce vehicle fuel consumption and improve overall braking and handling as well as the high thermal conductivity and wear resistance, dimensional stability and excellent cyclic wear properties. Examples of vehicle which have SiC-reinforced aluminium brake disks are vehicles such as the Lotus Elise Volkswagen Lupo. For aluminium composite brake discs to become more common would requires costs to come down and for improved machine ability. Aluminium MMC shows much higher resistance to wear than the matrix material by its self. The wear of MMC is much more linear than the matrix material by self, and therefore makes it possible to predict wear patterns and the amount of use than can be obtain from a component. The reinforced particles resist the abrasion and restrict the deformation of MMCs which provides a useful guide for better control of their wear. (reference 5)MMC shows much higher wear resistance than the corresponding matrix material; unlike that of matrix material, the wear of MMC is very much linear and possible to predict easily; the wear mechanism is similar for both materials other than the three-body abrasion in the case of MMC; the reinforced particles resist the abrasion and restrict the deformation of MMCs which causes high resistance to wear. These results reveal the roles of the reinforcement particles on the wear resistance of MMCs and provide a useful guide for a better control of their wearMMC show s much higher wear resistance than the corresponding matrix material; unlike that of matrix material, the wear of MMC is very much linear and possible to predict easily; the wear mechanism is similar for both materials other than the three-body abrasion in the case of MMC; the reinforced particles resist the abrasion and restrict the deformation of MMCs which causes high resistance to wear. These results reveal the roles of the reinforcement particles on the wear resistance of MMCs and provide a useful guide for a better control of their wearMMC shows much higher wear resistance than the corresponding matrix material; unlike that of matrix material, the wear of MMC is very much linear and possible to predict easily; the wear mechanism is similar for both materials other than the three-body abrasion in the case of MMC; the reinforced particles resist the abrasion and restrict the deformation of MMCs which causes high resistance to wear. These results reveal the roles of the reinforce ment particles on the wear resistance of MMCs and provide a useful guide for a better control of their wear.MMC shows much higher wear resistance than the corresponding matrix material; unlike that of matrix material, the wear of MMC is very much linear and possible to predict easily; the wear mechanism is similar for both materials other than the three-body abrasion in the case of MMC; the reinforced particles resist the abrasion and restrict the deformation of MMCs which causes high resistance to wear. These results reveal the roles of the reinforcement particles on the wear resistance of MMCs and provide a useful guide for a better control of their wear.MMC shows much higher wear resistance than the corresponding matrix material; unlike that of matrix material, the wear of MMC is very much linear and possible to predict easily; the wear mechanism is similar for both materials other than the three-body abrasion in the case of MMC; the reinforced particles resist the abrasion and r estrict the deformation of MMCs which causes high resistance to wear. These results reveal the roles of the reinforcement particles on the wear resistance of MMCs and provide a useful guide for a better control of their wearMMC shows much higher wear resistance than the corresponding matrix material; unlike that of matrix material, the wear of MMC is very much linear and possible to predict easily; the wear mechanism is similar for both materials other than the three-body abrasion in the case of MMC; the reinforced particles resist the abrasion and restrict the deformation of MMCs which causes high resistance to wear. These results reveal the roles of the reinforcement particles on the wear resistance of MMCs and provide a useful guide for a better control of their wearMMC shows much higher wear resistance than the corresponding matrix material; unlike that of matrix material, the wear of MMC is very much linear and possible to predict easily; the wear mechanism is similar for both materials other than the three-body abrasion in the case of MMC; the reinforced particles resist the abrasion and restrict the deformation of MMCs which causes high resistance to wear. These results reveal the roles of the reinforcement particles on the wear resistance of MMCs and provide a useful guide for a better control of their wear 3) From data gathered with the use of the CES software it gave for of the most suitable manufacturing method for a metal matrix component with slots in the design. The above graph so that these four production methods were Laser powder forming, squeeze casting, powder injection molding and die press sintering. Several criteria were considering during the material selection such has relative cost index , production rates , tool life and economic batch size. looking at the CES data , it showed that the most suitable production method be die cast and sintering. With die casting and sintering a relatively high rate of production can be achieved whilst keeping the relative cost index low. This is important because it helps lower the cost of aluminium MMC brake disc which are still expensive and not used by many manufactures because of this. Pressing and sintering is a powder processing process that falls in the manufacturing process category of forming .The typical cold pressing and sintering process starts with aluminum silicone MMC in powder being poured into a closed mould. Pressure is then applied to the closed mould at a high enough pressure for the powder to bind together. After the disc is taken out of the mould it is then put through the sintering process. The sintering process begins with the brake disc being heated up in order to burn of any lubricant and is then heated up to a even higher sintering temperature in a protective gas surrounding to prevent oxidization. (reference 2) 4) There has been an increased interest in the use of Aluminium based metal matrix composites in brake discs and drums in recent years. The wear characteristics of AMMCs were high speeds and loads the behaviour could be greatly improved beyond that of cast iron discs, with the correct match of disc and pad material. Casting process is very difficult if reinforcement Material is wet and this can results in non-uniform distribution and poor mechanical characteristics for the finished brake disc. To resolve this problem, reinforcements are pre-heated at 500 °C for 40 minutes. Porosity is the major problem in casting which is why moulds are preheated, to 500 °C, which helps in removing the gases which are trapped in the slurry to go into the mould. It also enhances the mechanical properties of the cast AMC.   Sorter fibres in a random orientation are typically not as strong as long fibres in a specific orientation. However the use of sort fibres in random orientation mean s that less human interaction is required in the production and therefore helps brings the cost of production and well as minimising the possibly of something going wrong in the production process my eliminating human error. SiC/Al composites have increased strength with the increase in the silicone content and had higher strengths but lower ductility. The use of longer fibres also means that they generally have to be arranged in a specific order which is time consuming and also requires human interaction and this all reduces the number of units that can be produced a day. An example of this carbon ceramic brake disc where the discs which have longer fibres cost significantly more and will only be used in very exotic cars such as Koenigsegg where as more budget sports cars such as Porsche tend to use discs with sort random fibers which are far more cost effective. Bibliography 1) A. Mazahery, M. O. Shabani . (2012). Mechanical properties of A356 matrix composites reinforced with nano-SiC particles. Available: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11223-012-9423-0. Last accessed 16/12/2016 2) unknown. (2004). Aluminum Matrix Composites with Discontinuous Silicon Carbide Reinforcement. Available: http://www.totalmateria.com/page.aspx?ID=CheckArticlesite=ktnNM=108. Last accessed 16 December 2016 3) Ajit Bhandakkar1*, R. C. Prasad1, Shankar M. L. Sastry2. (2014). Elastic plastic fracture toughness of aluminium. Available: http://www.vbripress.com/aml/uploads/540c820f6cee71410105871_fullabstratct.pdf. Last accessed 16 December 2016. 4) S. Taufik a, à ¢Ã‚ Ã… ½, S. Sulaiman b . (2014). Thermal Expansion Model for Cast Aluminium Silicon Carbide . Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705813020511. Last accessed 16 December 2016. 5) Parth S. Joshi, Kiran C. Hegade, Apoorv S. Kulkarni . (2016). Manufacturing of Disc Brake Rotor Using. Available: http://www.onlinejournal.in/IJIRV2I6/226.pdf. Last accessed 16/12/2016.The machinability of an Alà ®- ¸5 Mg alloy reinforced with 5 vol% Saffil and 15 vol% SiC was compared with that of Duralcan (A356) reinforced with 15 vol% SiC. In terms of tool wear and metal removal rate with both cemented carbide and polycrystalline diamond (PCD) cutting tools, it was found that the Duralcan/ SiC was significantly easier to machine than the composite with the Al-5 Mg matrix. This is attributed to the effect of the matrix on the mechanisms of abrasion wear. The machinability of an Alà ®- ¸5 Mg alloy reinforced with 5 vol% Saffil and 15 vol% SiC was compared with that of Duralcan (A356) reinforced with 15 vol% SiC. In terms of tool wear and metal removal rate with both cemented carbide and polycrystalline diamond (PCD) cutting tools, it was found that the Duralcan/ SiC was sig nificantly easier to machine than the composite with the Al-5 Mg matrix. This is attributed to the effect of the matrix on the mechanisms of abrasion wear.