Effective Bookkeeping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Effective Bookkeeping - Essay Example A failure to keep books properly can have very real ramifications for a school, a district, and the workers in it: it could cause intense scandal and cost people jobs and the district money. Furthermore, regular audits are done to ensure that all moneys are accounted for in reasonable ways, meaning that mistakes will get found and will have real consequences for everyone in the chain of bookkeeping, which could possibly include dismissal. It is difficult to overemphasize the importance of proper bookkeeping. This will simply serve as a refresher, please remember that the full description of appropriate policies and legislation relating to school accounting can be found in the Tennessee Internal School Uniform Accounting Policy Manual. There are several things that can lead to effective bookkeeping, and it is firstly important to emphasize basic and fundamental general rules before moving on to the specifics. Firstly, a record keeping must be orderly and complete. Any transaction incl uding school funds should be kept in a safe location, organized by date and able to be recalled at will. Secondly, transparency is of fundamental importance. If anything does seem to be amiss, it is my responsibility as principle to immediately notify a superior, and thus it is your responsibility to immediately notify me. ... These include funds of a variety of sources, including rental fees for non-district use of school property, student activity fees, donations, and even including cafeteria money. One of the most important and sometimes irking aspects of accounting is that specific fees sometimes need to be assigned to specific tasks, and cannot be used for other tasks. A school’s general fund, which constitutes money gained for the operation of a school, for instance, are only allowed to be use to supplement and not to replace the obligations of the school board, for instance. This means that while the general fund should not be used for school repairs, for instance, which are the responsibility of the district. Thus it is important to keep auditors happy and the whole process smooth that we be very conservative when administering funds, keeping careful track of the money flow and be able to demonstrate that moneys collected under one fund, the general fund, for instance, are not used in inappr opriate, or even seemingly inappropriate ways. Thus, it is incredibly important to keep strong firewalls between different kinds of funds used by the school, and flag any funds that might transfer between the two. Finally, it is of the greatest importance that enough internal controls are in place to ensure that the school is not damaged or defrauded, and that moneys are not misused. There can be very serious consequences from lack internal controls, including bank deposits being stolen, money being diverted for internal use, and so forth. This means things discussed above such as physical control of records, but also daily tallying of cash flows in and out (in cafeterias, and with cash registers, for instance) as well as ensuring proper security

Formal Outline Essay Example for Free

Formal Outline Essay INTRODUCTION Attention material: The world stopped getting warmer almost 16 years ago, according to new data released last week. The figures, which have triggered debate among climate scientists, reveal that from the beginning of 1997 until August 2012, there was no discernible rise in aggregate global temperatures. This means that the plateau or pause in global warming has now lasted for about the same time as the previous period when temperatures rose, 1980 to 1996. Before that, temperatures had been stable or declining for about 40 years. Credibility material: The current cycle of global warming is changing the rhythms of climate that all living things have come to rely upon. What will we do to slow this warming? How will we cope with the changes weve already set into motion? While we struggle to figure it all out, the face of the Earth, as we know it—coasts, forests, farms, and snowcapped mountains—hangs in the balance. Thesis statement: Today I want to share what I’ve learned about global warming and it’s causes. Preview: We need to consider causes, effects and dangers of global warming. (Transition: Lets begin by understanding more about global warming.) BODY I. The Earth is warming and human activity is the primary cause. A. U.S. scientists said in the media January 19, 2012, about the influence of mankind on the state of global warming has increased from 18% to 51%. B. The primary way humans cause global warming is by burning fossil fuels. 1. When we drive or fly. 2. When we eat meat and Exotic Foods. 3. When we use electricity. 4. When You Move Into A New Development. (Transition: Now, from this it becomes clear why humans are the main cause of global warming, let’s examine its major effects) II. Global Warming effect information. A. The planet is warming, from North Pole to South Pole, and everywhere in between. Globally, the mercury is already up more than 1 degree Fahrenheit (0.8 degree Celsius), and even more in sensitive polar regions. B. Some impacts from increasing temperatures are already happening. 1. Ice is melting worldwide, especially at the Earth’s poles. This includes mountain glaciers, ice sheets covering West Antarctica and Greenland, and Arctic sea ice. 2. Researcher Bill Fraser has tracked the decline of the Adà ©lie penguins on Antarctica, where their numbers have fallen from 32,000 breeding pairs to 11,000 in 30 years. 3. Sea level rise became faster over the last century. 4. Some butterflies, foxes, and alpine plants have moved farther north or to higher, cooler areas. 5. Precipitation (rain and snowfall) has increased across the globe, on average. 6. Spruce bark beetles have boomed in Alaska thanks to 20 years of warm summers. The insects have chewed up 4 million acres of spruce trees. C. Other effects could happen later this century, if warming continues. 1. Sea levels are expected to rise between 7 and 23 inches (18 and 59 centimeters) by the end of the century, and continued melting at the poles could add between 4 and 8 inches (10 to 20 centimeters). 2. Floods and droughts will become more common. Rainfall in Ethiopia, where droughts are already common, could decline by 10 percent over the next 50 years. (Transition: So now, we know about global warming effects, lets see our future†¦and how we can fix it!?) III. Predicted Effects and Impacts of Global Warming. A. Future effects about global warming. 1. Increased spread of infectious diseases: an increase in the number of people exposed to vector borne diseases (e.g. cholera) and an increase in heat stress mortality. 2. Degraded water quality: Projected climate change will tend to degrade water quality through higher water temperatures and increased pollutant load from runoff and overflows of waste facilities. 3. More frequent and more intense heat waves, droughts, and tropical cyclones. B. Some basic predictions of global warming. 1. Global mean temperature should increase by between 1.4 and 5.8 C (2.5 to 10 F). 2. The sea level should rise by between 9 and 88 cm (3.5 to 35). (Transition: Finally, I want to tell you about the solution of this huge problem.) IV. Solutions to Global Warming. A. There is no single solution to global warming. 1. Boosting energy efficiency. 2. Greening transportation. 3. Revving up renewables 4. Phasing out fossil fuel electricityManaging forests and agriculture 5.Exploring nuclear 6.Developing and deploying new low-carbon and zero-carbon technologies. 7. Ensuring sustainable development CONCLUSION Summary statement: Some impacts—such as record high temperatures, melting glaciers, and severe flooding and droughts—are already becoming increasingly common across the country and around the world. However, there is much we can do to protect the health and economic well-being of current and future generations from the consequences of the heat-trapping emissions caused when we burn coal, oil, and gas to generate electricity, drive our cars, and fuel our businesses. Concluding remarks: Since 1880 the world has warmed by 0.75 degrees Celsius.

Aluminium Based Metal Matrix Composites

Aluminium Based Metal Matrix Composites 1)  The main factor that influences elastic modulus is the matrix , for example : Composites with a aluminium 6061 matrix have a good strength and higher ductility. The reinforcement content is the main factor in the enhancement of elastic modulus in the aluminium silicon metal matrix composite. The graph below show that aluminium silicon composites with higher strength, because of the increased silicon content, such as 2024/2124 or 7075 Al, had higher strengths but lower ductility. It also shows that the elastic modulus increased with the increase in the silicon content. The matrix type also effects the elastic modulus which typically consists of particulate, nodule or whisker type matrix. (Reference 3) The yield strength is usually effected by the matrix alloy ,type and the arrangement of the reinforcement effect the strengths of composites, in particular for those which have whisker reinforcement and Ductility tends to decrease with the reinforcement content is increased. In fracture toughness tests, an increase in particle quantity reduced the toughness of the composites .The main properties which influence the fracture toughness of MMCs is the type of reinforcement, size, shape, quantity and the distribution within the matrix and the toughness of matrix. The poor fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth rate of MMCs is due to low initiation energy for fracture due to high elastic modulus. The thermal expansion coefficient of aluminium silicon carbide fibres reinforced material is significantly influenced by the thermal stresses between the matrix and fibres and thermal expansion behaviour relies on the thermal expansion of the fibres. For applications subjected to severe loads or extreme thermal  fluctuations such as in automotive components, discontinuously-reinforced metal  matrix composites have been shown to offer near isotropic properties Automotive brake disc and callipers are typically made of cast iron, the use of aluminium silicon MMC, would result in a significant weight reduction of around 50- 60% can be made which helps reduce vehicle fuel consumption and improve overall braking and handling as well as the high thermal conductivity and wear resistance, dimensional stability and excellent cyclic wear properties. Examples of vehicle which have SiC-reinforced aluminium brake disks are vehicles such as the Lotus Elise Volkswagen Lupo. For aluminium composite brake discs to become more common would requires costs to come down and for improved machine ability. Aluminium MMC shows much higher resistance to wear than the matrix material by its self. The wear of MMC is much more linear than the matrix material by self, and therefore makes it possible to predict wear patterns and the amount of use than can be obtain from a component. The reinforced particles resist the abrasion and restrict the deformation of MMCs which provides a useful guide for better control of their wear. (reference 5)MMC shows much higher wear resistance than the corresponding matrix material; unlike that of matrix material, the wear of MMC is very much linear and possible to predict easily; the wear mechanism is similar for both materials other than the three-body abrasion in the case of MMC; the reinforced particles resist the abrasion and restrict the deformation of MMCs which causes high resistance to wear. These results reveal the roles of the reinforcement particles on the wear resistance of MMCs and provide a useful guide for a better control of their wearMMC show s much higher wear resistance than the corresponding matrix material; unlike that of matrix material, the wear of MMC is very much linear and possible to predict easily; the wear mechanism is similar for both materials other than the three-body abrasion in the case of MMC; the reinforced particles resist the abrasion and restrict the deformation of MMCs which causes high resistance to wear. These results reveal the roles of the reinforcement particles on the wear resistance of MMCs and provide a useful guide for a better control of their wearMMC shows much higher wear resistance than the corresponding matrix material; unlike that of matrix material, the wear of MMC is very much linear and possible to predict easily; the wear mechanism is similar for both materials other than the three-body abrasion in the case of MMC; the reinforced particles resist the abrasion and restrict the deformation of MMCs which causes high resistance to wear. These results reveal the roles of the reinforce ment particles on the wear resistance of MMCs and provide a useful guide for a better control of their wear.MMC shows much higher wear resistance than the corresponding matrix material; unlike that of matrix material, the wear of MMC is very much linear and possible to predict easily; the wear mechanism is similar for both materials other than the three-body abrasion in the case of MMC; the reinforced particles resist the abrasion and restrict the deformation of MMCs which causes high resistance to wear. These results reveal the roles of the reinforcement particles on the wear resistance of MMCs and provide a useful guide for a better control of their wear.MMC shows much higher wear resistance than the corresponding matrix material; unlike that of matrix material, the wear of MMC is very much linear and possible to predict easily; the wear mechanism is similar for both materials other than the three-body abrasion in the case of MMC; the reinforced particles resist the abrasion and r estrict the deformation of MMCs which causes high resistance to wear. These results reveal the roles of the reinforcement particles on the wear resistance of MMCs and provide a useful guide for a better control of their wearMMC shows much higher wear resistance than the corresponding matrix material; unlike that of matrix material, the wear of MMC is very much linear and possible to predict easily; the wear mechanism is similar for both materials other than the three-body abrasion in the case of MMC; the reinforced particles resist the abrasion and restrict the deformation of MMCs which causes high resistance to wear. These results reveal the roles of the reinforcement particles on the wear resistance of MMCs and provide a useful guide for a better control of their wearMMC shows much higher wear resistance than the corresponding matrix material; unlike that of matrix material, the wear of MMC is very much linear and possible to predict easily; the wear mechanism is similar for both materials other than the three-body abrasion in the case of MMC; the reinforced particles resist the abrasion and restrict the deformation of MMCs which causes high resistance to wear. These results reveal the roles of the reinforcement particles on the wear resistance of MMCs and provide a useful guide for a better control of their wear 3) From data gathered with the use of the CES software it gave for of the most suitable manufacturing method for a metal matrix component with slots in the design. The above graph so that these four production methods were Laser powder forming, squeeze casting, powder injection molding and die press sintering. Several criteria were considering during the material selection such has relative cost index , production rates , tool life and economic batch size. looking at the CES data , it showed that the most suitable production method be die cast and sintering. With die casting and sintering a relatively high rate of production can be achieved whilst keeping the relative cost index low. This is important because it helps lower the cost of aluminium MMC brake disc which are still expensive and not used by many manufactures because of this. Pressing and sintering is a powder processing process that falls in the manufacturing process category of forming .The typical cold pressing and sintering process starts with aluminum silicone MMC in powder being poured into a closed mould. Pressure is then applied to the closed mould at a high enough pressure for the powder to bind together. After the disc is taken out of the mould it is then put through the sintering process. The sintering process begins with the brake disc being heated up in order to burn of any lubricant and is then heated up to a even higher sintering temperature in a protective gas surrounding to prevent oxidization. (reference 2) 4) There has been an increased interest in the use of Aluminium based metal matrix composites in brake discs and drums in recent years. The wear characteristics of AMMCs were high speeds and loads the behaviour could be greatly improved beyond that of cast iron discs, with the correct match of disc and pad material. Casting process is very difficult if reinforcement Material is wet and this can results in non-uniform distribution and poor mechanical characteristics for the finished brake disc. To resolve this problem, reinforcements are pre-heated at 500 °C for 40 minutes. Porosity is the major problem in casting which is why moulds are preheated, to 500 °C, which helps in removing the gases which are trapped in the slurry to go into the mould. It also enhances the mechanical properties of the cast AMC.   Sorter fibres in a random orientation are typically not as strong as long fibres in a specific orientation. However the use of sort fibres in random orientation mean s that less human interaction is required in the production and therefore helps brings the cost of production and well as minimising the possibly of something going wrong in the production process my eliminating human error. SiC/Al composites have increased strength with the increase in the silicone content and had higher strengths but lower ductility. The use of longer fibres also means that they generally have to be arranged in a specific order which is time consuming and also requires human interaction and this all reduces the number of units that can be produced a day. An example of this carbon ceramic brake disc where the discs which have longer fibres cost significantly more and will only be used in very exotic cars such as Koenigsegg where as more budget sports cars such as Porsche tend to use discs with sort random fibers which are far more cost effective. Bibliography 1) A. Mazahery, M. O. Shabani . (2012). Mechanical properties of A356 matrix composites reinforced with nano-SiC particles. Available: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11223-012-9423-0. Last accessed 16/12/2016 2) unknown. (2004). Aluminum Matrix Composites with Discontinuous Silicon Carbide Reinforcement. Available: http://www.totalmateria.com/page.aspx?ID=CheckArticlesite=ktnNM=108. Last accessed 16 December 2016 3) Ajit Bhandakkar1*, R. C. Prasad1, Shankar M. L. Sastry2. (2014). Elastic plastic fracture toughness of aluminium. Available: http://www.vbripress.com/aml/uploads/540c820f6cee71410105871_fullabstratct.pdf. Last accessed 16 December 2016. 4) S. Taufik a, à ¢Ã‚ Ã… ½, S. Sulaiman b . (2014). Thermal Expansion Model for Cast Aluminium Silicon Carbide . Available: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705813020511. Last accessed 16 December 2016. 5) Parth S. Joshi, Kiran C. Hegade, Apoorv S. Kulkarni . (2016). Manufacturing of Disc Brake Rotor Using. Available: http://www.onlinejournal.in/IJIRV2I6/226.pdf. Last accessed 16/12/2016.The machinability of an Alà ®- ¸5 Mg alloy reinforced with 5 vol% Saffil and 15 vol% SiC was compared with that of Duralcan (A356) reinforced with 15 vol% SiC. In terms of tool wear and metal removal rate with both cemented carbide and polycrystalline diamond (PCD) cutting tools, it was found that the Duralcan/ SiC was significantly easier to machine than the composite with the Al-5 Mg matrix. This is attributed to the effect of the matrix on the mechanisms of abrasion wear. The machinability of an Alà ®- ¸5 Mg alloy reinforced with 5 vol% Saffil and 15 vol% SiC was compared with that of Duralcan (A356) reinforced with 15 vol% SiC. In terms of tool wear and metal removal rate with both cemented carbide and polycrystalline diamond (PCD) cutting tools, it was found that the Duralcan/ SiC was sig nificantly easier to machine than the composite with the Al-5 Mg matrix. This is attributed to the effect of the matrix on the mechanisms of abrasion wear.

A Comparison of Christian Symbols in Song of Solomon, Sula, and Beloved

Although religion does not exist as a central theme in Toni Morrison’s work, it does set premise for a richly intertwined web of symbolism. Morrison’s novels focus on the lives of characters acting in the present day or recent past. For African Americans, events of the past are a crucial facet of culture as they seek to remember their history, the most influential of these events reaching far back into the years of slavery. Historians argue that for incoming slaves, Christianity offered a religious ground for the displaced individual, a soil in which to replant the symbols of their native spirituality. In interviews and articles regarding her works, Morrison seems to take on a tone of rejection towards the idea that the civilization of blacks was beneficial. However, through her use of blatant parallels to the Bible and obvious references to Christian doctrine, it is easy to see how a reader might interpret Morrison’s stance as one of affirmation of at least the Christianizing aspect of civilization. Because of the broadness of Morrison’s mix in usage of Christian symbols and African American folklore, it is important to define the two facets of faith itself: religion and spirituality. Religious structure is built upon dogma, rituals, history, and tradition; spirituality exists as the "unchanging foundation" to that religious structure. Carolyn Mitchell explains both concepts most clearly in her essay titled, "Biblical Revisions in Beloved:" "Religion is the worship of God; spirit is God; spirituality is the individual manifestation of God in everyday life and experience. Spirituality creates an authentic relationship to one’s own life, calling one to be wholly present in and accountable for this life" (29). However, her defin... ...er, ever near me, And the sacred past unfold" (Wright). The girls from childhood were blessings for each other, the escape from outside pressures that each needed. These "precious memories" flood Nel after Sula’s death when she reflects on her early years with Sula: " ‘We was girls together,’ she said as though explaining something" (174). The strength of the bond between Nel and Sula, as well as their failure to recognize the importance of each other before it is too, late follows through to the last page of the book. Nel is walking down a road alone; as she talks to herself crying for Sula, the sacred past unfolds before her (as evident through the authors use of the word "girl") and her epiphany serves as the resolution of the book: "All that time, all that time, I thought I was missing Jude . . . . O Lord, Sula . . . . girl, girl, girlgirlgirl" (174). Â   Â  

How Accurate Is It to Say That the Black Power Movements Essay

In some ways I agree that the Black power Movements of the 1960’s achieved nothing for the Black people because by 1968 little had changed, and it is therefore easy to claim that Black Power movements achieved nothing, and in fact had a negative impact on black Americans. However in some ways I disagree because the Black Power movements in the early 1960s coincided with the peak of success for the Civil Rights campaign such as the freedom cities of 1966 or the Free D. C. movement. Firstly I agree that the Black Power Movements achieved nothing for Black people relations between King and other Civil Rights groups were never entirely secure, and he was often accused of taking credit for the efforts of others, for example in the student sit-ins of 1961. He was criticised for a cynical use of children in the Birmingham campaign of 1963 and for cowardice in halting the first Selma March. These attacks reflect internal rivalries that had nothing to do with Black Power. They increased after 1966 when he moved his focus to the north. The Chicago campaign of 1966 was a dismal failure and also revealed a cultural gap between the respectable bible-belt leaders of the south and the ghetto-based youth of the north, who found Malcolm X a more inspiring figure. The whole situation was made much worse by the war in Vietnam, which diverted money and media attention and created a widening gap between black and white communities. Many black people resented having to fight for a country that valued them so little, while white public opinion saw the refusal of some to serve, like Mohammed Ali, as unpatriotic. The most important point, however, is that once legal equality had been achieved in 1965 and the focus shifted to the social and economic effects of long-term discrimination, King’s methods were ineffective. Secondly the Chicago campaign. The Albany movement Thirdly the Memphis Sanitation workers strike. The Mississippi Freedom Summer On the other hand the Freedom cities were aimed to bring ‘home rule’ to the black community of Washington D. C. The project was started with the demonstration against the way the local schools were administered. Towards the end of 1966 the black citizens of Washington D. C. had won the right to elect their own school boards. SNCC gained $3 million worth of government funding to improve community policing. SNCC innovated similar projects for example in New York the campaign saw black people take control of the intermediate School in Harlem as well as in Mississippi set up a Child Development Group in which the group raised $1. 5 million from the churches and the federal government in order to set up 85 head start centres to support young children . Furthermore the March on Washington was a massive success groups such as the SCLC. SNCC, CORE and the NAACP were involved it was also to commemorate the 100 years since the Emancipation Proclamation was created the campaigned was initially designed to pass a Civil Rights Bill. 250,000 people marched to the Lincoln memorial to hear Kings famous ‘I have a dream speech’ as well as other figures of the Civil Rights Movement. The March drew a vast amount of media attention. The March ensured support for new civil rights legislation which gave the government power to desegregate southern states. It presented the civil rights movement as a united front. Additionally the Birmingham campaign aimed to desegregate the city’s largest shopping areas schools and public parks as well as demanding an end to racial discrimination in employment. ‘Bull’Connor obtained a court injunction against demonstrations in certain precincts to weaken protests. The 3rd of May the police demonstrators with high pressure fire hoses and arrested and imprisoned 1300 children which caused a media frenzy Kennedy was sickened by the images of police violence from Birmingham. The significance of the campaign was that the department stores were desegregated and the racial discrimination was ended. The Greensboro sit-ins were a success it aimed to desegregate public places such as restaurants or swimming pools. In February 1960 the sit-in escalated to 300 students by the fourth protest it became highly influential as there were similar protests like watch-ins in cinema which by the start of 1961 over 70,000 people black and white had taken part in demonstrations. The significance of the sit-ins brought a mass of media attention which increased the support towards the civil rights campaigns. By the end of 1961 810 towns had desegregated their public places. Woolworths lost decreased by a third during the campaign which showed the economic power of black people. Finally the Freedom rides designed to turn de jure victories of Morgan v. Virginia and Boynton v. Virginia into de facto desegregation of interstate transport and interstate transport facilities set up by SNCC and CORE. The significance of the freedom rides was that it showed that Kennedy supported the civil rights movement and that it marked a new high cooperation within the civil rights movements. The Poor Peoples Campaign aimed to create a coalition big enough to solve the social and economic problems identified during the Chicago campaign In conclusion the Black Power declined very quickly in the late 1960s because its organisation was very poor and it had little money to support itself. It also declined because the government preferred King’s the peaceful methods to the violence and hatred of Black Power. Thus it seemed as if Black Power had not achieved anything of real importance for black people, and was a factor in the ending of the civil rights movement as a whole. However, it can be said that Black Power did manage to achieve something for black people as a whole. Black Power leaders did try to help the people in the inner-city ghettos, and they did increase black pride and a sense of Black Nationalism. Malcolm X in particular was very important in raising the morale of many black people, and became a hero to young black people in the USA and around the world. The emergence of the Black Power movements in the early 1960s coincided with the peak of success for the Civil Rights campaign – the legislation of 1964-65. Thereafter, the focus of campaigns had to move the practical issues related to social and economic deprivation, and the ability to exercise the rights that had been gained. By 1968 little had changed, and it is therefore easy to claim that Black Power movements achieved nothing, and in fact had a negative impact on black Americans. It is hard to deny that the Black Power movements had a damaging impact in the 1960s. The preaching of Elijah Mohammed and later Malcolm X that integration was impossible and undesirable, that white people were devils and Christianity just a legacy of slavery, created a mirror of white racism that could only be divisive. They rejected the support of white liberals and divided white from black. They subjected integrationist leaders like Martin Luther King to campaigns of personal abuse, calling him a hypocrite, a coward and an Uncle Tom. They even indulged in vicious internal feuding, such as the assassination of Malcolm X by members of the Nation of Islam in 1965. Incidents of violence, such as attacks on white people, the race riots of Harlem in 1964 and Watts in 1965, damaged the black community and created a white backlash. This threatened the promised government expenditure on housing, schools and job creation under the Great Society. As casualties from Vietnam increased, they campaigned against the draft and argued that black youths should not serve, infuriating an increasingly patriotic public and media. The existing Civil Rights movement disintegrated, as the student organisations led by SNCC under Stokely Carmichael adopted Black Power symbols and slogans, and refused to co-operate with Martin Luther King’s SCLC. The government and many white Americans saw the black communities as ungrateful, and King as a spent force. The links that had helped him to gain reforms and investment disappeared, and nothing of significance was achieved for black Americans after 1966. The emergence of Black Power was totally negative. 24. In many ways, however, this argument is over-simplified. The problems faced by the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s had begun to surface before the Black Power movements developed, and could be said to have contributed to their growth. Relations between King and other Civil Rights groups were never entirely secure, and he was often accused of taking credit for the efforts of others, for example in the student sit-ins of 1961. He was criticised for a cynical use of children in the Birmingham campaign of 1963 and for cowardice in halting the first Selma March. These attacks reflect internal rivalries that had nothing to do with Black Power. They increased after 1966 when he moved his focus to the north. The Chicago campaign of 1966 was a dismal failure and also revealed a cultural gap between the respectable bible-belt leaders of the south and the ghetto-based youth of the north, who found Malcolm X a more inspiring figure. The whole situation was made much worse by the war in Vietnam, which diverted money and media attention and created a widening gap between black and white communities. Many black people resented having to fight for a country that valued them so little, while white public opinion saw the refusal of some to serve, like Mohammed Ali, as unpatriotic. The most important point, however, is that once legal equality had been achieved in 1965 and the focus shifted to the social and economic effects of long-term discrimination, King’s methods were ineffective. This means that by 1966, methods of campaigning to improve conditions for black people had to change, and the Black Power movements did offer some alternatives. When the Black Panthers set up community projects and policed the housing estates of Chicago, they offered a more direct and practical form of help. More generally, Black Power offered black people a sense of their own culture and pride in their identity. The late 1960s saw changes in music, fashion and style that celebrated black identity rather than attempting to look like whites, such as the Afro hairstyles, the growth of a new soul music and the later development of hip-hop and rap. The use of Black Power salutes by American athletes offended many whites, but it drew the attention of the world to the continuing levels of discrimination suffered by many black Americans. It is difficult to measure the results, but it can be argued that by helping to maintain attention on the problems and demanding change, the Black Power movements helped the black communities to keep fighting for better conditions. By comparison with the gains made through ‘peaceful’ protest, the impact of Black Power was mixed and its achievements limited, but to claim that it achieved nothing for black people is an exaggeration.

Fetal Alcohol syndrome on Infants essays

Fetal Alcohol syndrome on Infants essays Running head: THE EFFECTS OF FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME ON INFANTS The Effects of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome on Infants Prenatal exposure to alcohol can have detrimental effects throughout a childs life. The primary concerns are changes in the brain that can lead to deficiencies in cognitive functioning, including memory and learning problems, attention deficits, poor motor coordination, and difficulties problem solving. The symptoms of prenatal exposure to alcohol are also known as fetal alcohol syndrome. These cognitive deficiencies cause long-term problems for children as they mature into adulthood in the areas of school, work, and social functioning. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome was first recognized and identified in 1968. It is currently the leading cause of mental retardation in western civilization, outranking Down syndrome. In the United States, according to OMalley and Nanson (OMalley and Nanson, 2002), more than 5,000 infants are diagnosed each year. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a pattern of mental and physical defects, which develops, in some unborn babies when the mother drinks too much alcohol during pregnancy. A baby born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome may be seriously handicapped and require a lifetime of special care. According to Connor and Streissguth (Connor and Streissguth, 1996), the major areas of concern are: (1) Symptoms of mental retardation which include small head, problems with movement (motor retardation), poor muscle tone, and hearing disturbances; (2) Facial abnormalities such as small eyes and/or short eye openings, underdevelopment of the upper lip; and flattening of the upper lip ridges. (3) Growth distu rbances: small size and weight with growth lag before and after birth. (4) Behavioral disturbances: infant irritability, childhood hyperactivity, and attention deficit. Some babies do not have all of the classic Fetal Alcohol Syndrome symptoms. These symptoms are sometimes referred to ...